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@ARTICLE{MacKenzie:47472,
      author       = {MacKenzie, A. R. and Schiller, C. and Peter, Th. and
                      Adriani, A. and Beuermann, J. and Bujok, A. A. and Cairo, F.
                      and Corti, T. and DiDonfrancesco, G. and Gensch, I. and
                      Kiemle, C. and Krämer, M. and Kröger, C. and Merkulov, S.
                      and Oulanovsky, A. and Ravegnani, F. and Rohs, S. and
                      Rudakov, V. and Salter, P. and Santacesaria, V. and
                      Stefanutti, L. and Yushkov, V.},
      title        = {{T}ropopause and hygropause vairability over the equatorial
                      {I}ndian {O}cean during {F}ebruary and {M}arch 1999},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {111},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-47472},
      pages        = {D18112},
      year         = {2006},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Measurements of temperature, water vapor, total water,
                      ozone, and cloud properties were made above the western
                      equatorial Indian Ocean in February and March 1999. The
                      cold- point tropopause was at a mean pressure- altitude of
                      17 km, equivalent to a potential temperature of 380 K, and
                      had a mean temperature of 190 K. Total water mixing ratios
                      at the hygropause varied between 1.4 and 4.1 ppmv. The mean
                      saturation water vapor mixing ratio at the cold point was
                      3.0 ppmv. This does not accurately represent the mean of the
                      measured total water mixing ratios because the air was
                      unsaturated at the cold point for about $40\%$ of the
                      measurements. As well as unsaturation at the cold point,
                      saturation was observed above the cold point on almost
                      $30\%$ of the profiles. In such profiles the air was
                      saturated with respect to water ice but was free of clouds (
                      i. e., backscatter ratio < 2) at potential temperatures more
                      than 5 K above the tropopause and hygropause. Individual
                      profiles show a great deal of variability in the potential
                      temperatures of the cold point and hygropause. We attribute
                      this to short timescale and space- scale perturbations
                      superimposed on the seasonal cycle. There is neither a clear
                      and consistent " setting'' of the tropopause and hygropause
                      to the same altitude by dehydration processes nor a clear
                      and consistent separation of tropopause and hygropause by
                      the Brewer- Dobson circulation. Similarly, neither the
                      tropopause nor the hygropause provides a location where
                      conditions consistently approach those implied by a simple "
                      tropopause freeze drying'' or " stratospheric fountain''
                      hypothesis.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000240945800001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2005JD006639},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/47472},
}