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@ARTICLE{Luo:52240,
      author       = {Luo, Z. and Kley, D. and Johnson, R. H. and Smit, H. G. J.},
      title        = {{T}en {Y}ears of {M}easurements of {T}ropical
                      {U}pper-{T}ropospheric {W}ater {V}apor by {MOZAIC}, {P}art
                      {I}: {C}limatology, {V}ariability, {T}ransport and
                      {R}elation to {D}eep {C}onvection},
      journal      = {Journal of climate},
      volume       = {20},
      issn         = {0894-8755},
      address      = {Boston, Mass. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {AMS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-52240},
      pages        = {418 - 435},
      year         = {2007},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Ten years (1994-2004) of measurements of tropical
                      upper-tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) by the Measurement of
                      Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC)
                      are investigated over three regions-the tropical Atlantic,
                      tropical Africa, and the Asian monsoon region-to determine
                      the UTWV climatology and variability on multiple scales and
                      to understand them in relation to moisture transport and
                      deep convection.The seasonal migration of upper-tropospheric
                      humidity (UTH) keeps pace with that of the ITCZ, indicating
                      the convective influence on UTH distribution. Some
                      significant regional differences are identified with the
                      tropical Africa and the Asian monsoon regions being moister
                      than the tropical Atlantic. UTH generally increases with
                      height by $10\%-20\%$ relative humidity with respect to ice
                      (RHi) from about 300 to 200 hPa, and the differences are
                      larger in the deep Tropics than in the subtropics. The
                      probability density functions of tropical UTH are often
                      bimodal. The two modes stay rather constant; differences in
                      the mean value are largely due to the variations in the
                      proportion of the two modes as opposed to changes in the
                      modes themselves. In the deep Tropics, the moisture level
                      frequently reaches ice supersaturation, the most notable
                      case being the near-equatorial Asian monsoon region during
                      the wet season when ice supersaturation is observed $46\%$
                      of the time.Interannual variations are observed in
                      association with the 1997-98 ENSO event. A warming of about
                      1-2 K is observed for all three regions equatorward of
                      roughly 15 degrees. Specific humidity also increases
                      somewhat for the tropical Atlantic and tropical Africa, but
                      the increase in temperature outweighs the increase in
                      specific humidity such that RH decreases by $5\%-15\%$ RHi.
                      In addition to the ENSO-related variation, MOZAIC also sees
                      increases in both RH and specific humidity over tropical
                      Africa from 2000 onward.Moisture fluxes are computed from
                      MOZAIC data and decomposed into contributions from the mean
                      circulation and from eddies. The flux divergence, which
                      represents the moisture source/sink from horizontal
                      transport, is also estimated. Finally, the MOZAIC
                      climatology and variability are revisited in relation to
                      deep convection obtained from the International Satellite
                      Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP).},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-2},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB791},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000244093000003},
      doi          = {10.1175/JCLI3997.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/52240},
}