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@ARTICLE{Fischer:52399,
      author       = {Fischer, A. and Bauer, J. and Meckenstock, R. U. and
                      Stichler, W. and Griebler, C. and Maloszewski, P. and
                      Kastner, M. and Richnow, H. H.},
      title        = {{A} multitracer test proving the reliability of {R}ayleigh
                      equation-based approach for assessing biodegradation in a
                      {BTEX} contaminated aquifer},
      journal      = {Environmental Science $\&$ Technology},
      volume       = {40},
      issn         = {0013-936X},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-52399},
      pages        = {4245 - 4252},
      year         = {2006},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) is one of
                      the most important methods for assessing biodegradation
                      activities in contaminated aquifers. Although the concept is
                      straightforward, the proof that the method cannot be only
                      used for a qualitative analysis but also to quantify
                      biodegradation in the subsurface was missing. We therefore
                      performed a multitracer test in the field with
                      ring-deuterated (d(5)) and completely (d(8))
                      deuterium-labeled toluene isotopologues (400 g) as reactive
                      tracers as well as bromide as a conservative tracer. The
                      compounds were injected into the anoxic zone of a BTEX plume
                      located down-gradient of the contaminant source. Over a
                      period of 4.5 months the tracer concentrations were analyzed
                      at two control planes located 24 and 35 m downgradient of
                      the injection well. Deuterium-labeled benzylsuccinate was
                      found in the aquifer, indicating the anaerobic
                      biodegradation of deuterated toluene via the benzylsuccinate
                      synthase pathway. Three independent methods were applied to
                      quantify biodegradation of deuterated toluene. First,
                      fractionation of toluene-d(8) and toluene-d(5) using the
                      Rayleigh equation and an appropriate laboratory-derived
                      isotope fractionation factor was used for the calculation of
                      the microbial decomposition of deuterated toluene
                      isotopologues (CSIA-method). Second, the biodegradation was
                      quantified by the changes of the concentrations of
                      deuterated toluene relative to bromide. Both methods gave
                      similar results, implying that the CSIA-method is a reliable
                      tool to quantify biodegradation in contaminated aquifers.
                      The results of both methods yielded a biodegradation of
                      deuterated toluene isotopologues of approximately $23-29\%$
                      for the first and $44-51\%$ for the second control plane.
                      Third, the mineralization of deuterated toluene
                      isotopologues was verified by determination of the
                      enrichment of deuterium in the groundwater. This method
                      indicated that parts of deuterium were assimilated into the
                      biomass of toluene degrading microorganisms.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-IV},
      ddc          = {050},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB50},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Engineering, Environmental / Environmental Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000238645400037},
      doi          = {10.1021/es052466t},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/52399},
}