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@ARTICLE{Weihermller:52886,
      author       = {Weihermüller, L. and Kasteel, R. and Vereecken, H.},
      title        = {{S}oil {H}eterogeneity {E}ffects on {S}olute {B}reakthrough
                      {S}ampled with {S}uction {C}ups: {N}umerical {S}imulations},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {5},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Madison, Wis.},
      publisher    = {SSSA},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-52886},
      pages        = {886 - 893},
      year         = {2006},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Porous cups are widely used to extract soil solution for
                      monitoring solute transport; however, it is not always clear
                      how soil heterogeneity influences solute breakthrough
                      sampled by suction cups. The objective of this study was to
                      evaluate the influence of soil heterogeneity on the
                      breakthrough of solute extracted by suction cups. We
                      conducted numerical simulations using the HYDRUS-2D code.
                      Local-scale heterogeneity in hydraulic properties was
                      generated using Miller-Miller scaling theory. Results of the
                      simulations show that effective transport parameters derived
                      from the measured breakthrough curves in the suction cups
                      depended on the location of the suction cup in the
                      heterogeneous flow field. Mean pore water velocities
                      obtained from suction cup measurements ranged by a factor of
                      1.6 and dispersivities by a factor of 1.5 for the different
                      heterogeneous structures. As a consequence, the arrival time
                      (first moment) of the tracer plume derived from suction cup
                      measurements was accelerated or delayed compared with the
                      homogeneous case. Mass recoveries and suction cup sampling
                      areas were also influenced by the underlying structure. The
                      applied suction in the cup as well as the suction cup
                      sampling area were found to have important effects on the
                      mean pore water velocity, dispersivity, and mass recovery.
                      The effect of variation in applied suction was analyzed
                      using reference point data taken from 10 locations in the
                      undisturbed flow field. Contrary to the general assumption
                      that solute spreading measured with suction cups depends
                      only on the mean pore water velocity, our results show that
                      solute spreading is also influenced by (i) the suction cup
                      sampling area and the deformation of streamlines to the cup,
                      and (ii) the flow channels that are sampled. The numerical
                      simulations indicate that the number of suction cups
                      required for calculating a mean breakthrough curve in the
                      chosen heterogeneous flow field must to be > 20.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-IV / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB50 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Soil Science / Water Resources},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000242178600009},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2005.0105},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/52886},
}