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@ARTICLE{Kstel:5527,
      author       = {Köstel, J. and Vanderborght, J. and Javaux, M. and Kemna,
                      A. and Binley, A. and Vereecken, H.},
      title        = {{N}oninvasive 3-{D} {T}ransport {C}haracterization in a
                      {S}andy {S}oil {U}sing {ERT}: 1. {I}nvestigating the
                      {V}alidity of {ERT}-derived {T}ransport {P}arameters},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Madison, Wis.},
      publisher    = {SSSA},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-5527},
      pages        = {711 - 722},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {We used time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)
                      and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes to noninvasively
                      capture three-dimensional solute transport during four
                      tracer experiments under different steady-state irrigation
                      rates in a large unsaturated undisturbed soil column (140 cm
                      length and 116 cm inner diameter). The transport was
                      characterized by means of apparent convection-dispersion
                      parameters that were derived from breakthrough curves (BTCs)
                      at different lateral scales: the ERT voxel scale, the
                      sampling volume of TDR, and the cross-section of the column.
                      We validated the ERT-derived data by means of mass balance,
                      TDR probes, and the effluent BTC. We observed an excellent
                      mass recovery by ERT. The ERT-derived transport velocities
                      exhibited minimal bias and high precision at the scale of
                      the TDR measurements. On average the ERT-derived
                      column-scale transport velocities were also not biased;
                      however, the spatial variability of the voxel-scale
                      velocities within the column's cross-sections underestimated
                      the true velocity variability. In contrast to the transport
                      velocities, the ERT-derived dispersivities exhibited a large
                      bias and low precision and were sensitive to temporal
                      smoothing. Unlike previous studies, we did not find evidence
                      that the ERT-derived voxel-scale dispersivities increase
                      with decreasing ERT sensitivity. Although ERT provided
                      unprecedented information about transport processes,
                      resolution and uncertainty analyses remain important issues
                      requiring further investigation.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Soil Science / Water Resources},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000268871900018},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2008.0027},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/5527},
}