% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Blum:55605,
      author       = {Blum, U. and Khosrawi, F. and Baumgarten, G. and Stebel, K.
                      and Müller, R. and Fricke, K. H.},
      title        = {{S}imultaneous lidar observations of a polar stratospheric
                      cloud on the east and west sides of the {S}candinavian
                      mountains and microphysical box model simulations},
      journal      = {Annales geophysicae},
      volume       = {24},
      issn         = {0992-7689},
      address      = {Kaltenburg, Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-55605},
      pages        = {3267 - 3277},
      year         = {2006},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {The importance of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) for
                      polar ozone depletion is well established. Lidar experiments
                      are well suited to observe and classify polar stratospheric
                      clouds. On 5 January 2005 a PSC was observed simultaneously
                      on the east and west sides of the Scandinavian mountains by
                      ground-based lidars. This cloud was composed of liquid
                      particles with a mixture of solid particles in the upper
                      part of the cloud. Multi-colour measurements revealed that
                      the liquid particles had a mode radius of r approximate to
                      300 nm, a distribution width of sigma approximate to 1.04
                      and an altitude dependent number density of N approximate to
                      2-20 cm(-3). Simulations with a microphysical box model show
                      that the cloud had formed about 20 h before observation.
                      High HNO3 concentrations in the PSC of 40-50 weight percent
                      were simulated in the altitude regions where the liquid
                      particles were observed, while this concentration was
                      reduced to about 10 weight percent in that part of the cloud
                      where a mixture between solid and liquid particles was
                      observed by the lidar. The model simulations also revealed a
                      very narrow particle size distribution with values similar
                      to the lidar observations. Below and above the cloud almost
                      no HNO3 uptake was simulated. Although the PSC shows
                      distinct wave signatures, no gravity wave activity was
                      observed in the temperature profiles measured by the lidars
                      and meteorological analyses support this observation. The
                      observed cloud must have formed in a wave field above
                      Iceland about 20h prior to the measurements and the cloud
                      wave pattern was advected by the background wind to
                      Scandinavia. In this wave field above Iceland temperatures
                      potentially dropped below the ice formation temperature, so
                      that ice clouds may have formed which can act as
                      condensation nuclei for the nitric acid trihydrate (NAT)
                      particles observed at the cloud top above Esrange.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Astronomy $\&$ Astrophysics / Geosciences,
                      Multidisciplinary / Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000244147900008},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/55605},
}