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@ARTICLE{Mertens:57154,
      author       = {Mertens, J. and Diels, J. and Feyen, J. and Vanderborght,
                      J.},
      title        = {{N}umerical analysis of passive capillary wick samplers
                      prior to field installation},
      journal      = {Soil Science Society of America journal},
      volume       = {71},
      issn         = {0361-5995},
      address      = {Madison, Wis.},
      publisher    = {SSSA},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-57154},
      pages        = {35 - 42},
      year         = {2007},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Accurately measuring water fluxes and associated nutrient
                      or contaminant concentrations through the vadose zone is
                      difficult because an appropriate suction needs to be exerted
                      on the soil to sample water under unsaturated conditions.
                      Passive capillary wick sampling systems are cheap and
                      reliable instruments resulting in acceptable measurements of
                      water fluxes in the vadose zone; however, their success in
                      measuring realistic fluxes depends on their compatibility
                      with the soil and climatic conditions in which they are
                      installed. This study was developed in the preplanning phase
                      of a field experiment with its main objective the monitoring
                      of dissolved organic matter and the associated transfer of
                      Cu2+ and pesticides through the vadose zone. We studied a
                      combination of two-dimensional and axisymmetrical
                      three-dimensional numerical analyses using the HYDRUS-2D
                      software to identify what sampler geometry, wick type, wick
                      length, and number of wicks are most suitable for the soil
                      conditions at the experimental site. An AM3/8HI wick with
                      seasonally varying wick length (40 cm in winter and 100 cm
                      in summer) was found to be most appropriate for the soil and
                      climatic conditions of the experimental field. The numerical
                      analysis indicated that well-designed wick samplers had a
                      negligible effect on the soil moisture content close to the
                      sampler. A double-ring wick sampler is proposed to minimize
                      the effect of the area between the installation pit or
                      trench and the sampler. This approach is easily applicable
                      and transferable to other soil and wick types and climatic
                      conditions. The study emphasizes the suitability of
                      numerical modeling to optimize experimental design before
                      installation.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Soil Science},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000243947100005},
      doi          = {10.2136/sssaj2006.0106},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/57154},
}