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000057359 0247_ $$2DOI$$a10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.040
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000057359 084__ $$2WoS$$aGeochemistry & Geophysics
000057359 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHorsfield, B.$$b0
000057359 245__ $$aLiving microbial ecosystems within the active zone of catagenesis: implications for feeding the deep biosphere
000057359 260__ $$aAmsterdam [u.a.]$$bElsevier$$c2006
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000057359 440_0 $$07964$$aEarth and Planetary Science Letter$$v246$$x0012-821X$$y1
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000057359 520__ $$aEarth's largest reactive carbon pool, marine sedimentary organic matter, becomes increasingly recalcitrant during burial, making it almost inaccessible as a substrate for microorganisms, and thereby limiting metabolic activity in the deep biosphere. Because elevated temperature acting over geological time leads to the massive thermal breakdown of the organic matter into volatiles, including petroleum, the question arises whether microorganisms can directly utilize these maturation products as a substrate. While migrated thermogenic fluids are known to sustain microbial consortia in shallow sediments, an in situ coupling of abiotic generation and microbial utilization has not been demonstrated. Here we show, using a combination of basin modelling, kinetic modelling, geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry, that microorganisms inhabit the active generation zone in the Nankai Trough, offshore Japan. Three sites from ODP Leg 190 have been evaluated, namely 1173, 1174 and 1177, drilled in nearly undeformed Quaternary and Tertiary sedimentary sequences seaward of the Nankai Trough itself. Paleotemperatures were reconstructed based on subsidence profiles, compaction modelling, present-day heat flow, downhole temperature measurements and organic maturity parameters. Today's heat flow distribution can be considered mainly conductive, and is extremely high in places, reaching 180 mW/m(2). The kinetic parameters describing total hydrocarbon generation, determined by laboratory pyrolysis experiments, were utilized by the model in order to predict the timing of generation in time and space. The model predicts that the onset of present day generation lies between 300 and 500 m below sea floor (5100-5300 m below mean sea level), depending on well location. In the case of Site 1174, 5-10% conversion has taken place by a present day temperature of ca. 85 degrees C. Predictions were largely validated by on-site hydrocarbon gas measurements. Viable organisms in the same depth range have been proven using C-14-radiolabelled substrates for methanogenesis, bacterial cell counts and intact phospholipids. Altogether, these results point to an overlap of abiotic thermal degradation reactions going on in the same part of the sedimentary column as where a deep biosphere exists. The organic matter preserved in Nankai Trough sediments is of the type that generates putative feedstocks for microbial activity, namely oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the rates of thermal degradation calculated from the kinetic model closely resemble rates of respiration and electron donor consumption independently measured in other deep biosphere environments. We deduce that abiotically driven degradation reactions have provided substrates for microbial activity in deep sediments at this convergent continental margin. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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000057359 650_7 $$2WoSType$$aJ
000057359 65320 $$2Author$$adeep biosphere
000057359 65320 $$2Author$$aBio-Geo coupling
000057359 65320 $$2Author$$abasin modelling
000057359 65320 $$2Author$$abiogeochemistry
000057359 65320 $$2Author$$ageomicrobiology
000057359 65320 $$2Author$$aNankai Trough
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)VDB1405$$aSchenk, H. J.$$b1$$uFZJ
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aZink, K.$$b2
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOndrak, R.$$b3
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDieckmann, V.$$b4
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKallmeyer, J.$$b5
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMangelsdorf, K.$$b6
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$adi Primio, R.$$b7
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWilkes, H.$$b8
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aParkes, R. J.$$b9
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFry, J.$$b10
000057359 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCragg, B.$$b11
000057359 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)1466659-5$$a10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.040$$gVol. 246$$q246$$tEarth and planetary science letters$$v246$$x0012-821X$$y2006
000057359 8567_ $$uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.040
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