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@ARTICLE{Horsfield:57359,
      author       = {Horsfield, B. and Schenk, H. J. and Zink, K. and Ondrak, R.
                      and Dieckmann, V. and Kallmeyer, J. and Mangelsdorf, K. and
                      di Primio, R. and Wilkes, H. and Parkes, R. J. and Fry, J.
                      and Cragg, B.},
      title        = {{L}iving microbial ecosystems within the active zone of
                      catagenesis: implications for feeding the deep biosphere},
      journal      = {Earth and planetary science letters},
      volume       = {246},
      issn         = {0012-821X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-57359},
      year         = {2006},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Earth's largest reactive carbon pool, marine sedimentary
                      organic matter, becomes increasingly recalcitrant during
                      burial, making it almost inaccessible as a substrate for
                      microorganisms, and thereby limiting metabolic activity in
                      the deep biosphere. Because elevated temperature acting over
                      geological time leads to the massive thermal breakdown of
                      the organic matter into volatiles, including petroleum, the
                      question arises whether microorganisms can directly utilize
                      these maturation products as a substrate. While migrated
                      thermogenic fluids are known to sustain microbial consortia
                      in shallow sediments, an in situ coupling of abiotic
                      generation and microbial utilization has not been
                      demonstrated. Here we show, using a combination of basin
                      modelling, kinetic modelling, geomicrobiology and
                      biogeochemistry, that microorganisms inhabit the active
                      generation zone in the Nankai Trough, offshore Japan. Three
                      sites from ODP Leg 190 have been evaluated, namely 1173,
                      1174 and 1177, drilled in nearly undeformed Quaternary and
                      Tertiary sedimentary sequences seaward of the Nankai Trough
                      itself. Paleotemperatures were reconstructed based on
                      subsidence profiles, compaction modelling, present-day heat
                      flow, downhole temperature measurements and organic maturity
                      parameters. Today's heat flow distribution can be considered
                      mainly conductive, and is extremely high in places, reaching
                      180 mW/m(2). The kinetic parameters describing total
                      hydrocarbon generation, determined by laboratory pyrolysis
                      experiments, were utilized by the model in order to predict
                      the timing of generation in time and space. The model
                      predicts that the onset of present day generation lies
                      between 300 and 500 m below sea floor (5100-5300 m below
                      mean sea level), depending on well location. In the case of
                      Site 1174, $5-10\%$ conversion has taken place by a present
                      day temperature of ca. 85 degrees C. Predictions were
                      largely validated by on-site hydrocarbon gas measurements.
                      Viable organisms in the same depth range have been proven
                      using C-14-radiolabelled substrates for methanogenesis,
                      bacterial cell counts and intact phospholipids. Altogether,
                      these results point to an overlap of abiotic thermal
                      degradation reactions going on in the same part of the
                      sedimentary column as where a deep biosphere exists. The
                      organic matter preserved in Nankai Trough sediments is of
                      the type that generates putative feedstocks for microbial
                      activity, namely oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons.
                      Furthermore, the rates of thermal degradation calculated
                      from the kinetic model closely resemble rates of respiration
                      and electron donor consumption independently measured in
                      other deep biosphere environments. We deduce that
                      abiotically driven degradation reactions have provided
                      substrates for microbial activity in deep sediments at this
                      convergent continental margin. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All
                      rights reserved.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-V},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB51},
      pnm          = {Geosysteme - Erde im Wandel},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK405},
      shelfmark    = {Geochemistry $\&$ Geophysics},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000239200800005},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.040},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/57359},
}