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@ARTICLE{Krmer:57394,
      author       = {Krämer, M. and Schiller, C. and Voigt, Ch. and Schlager,
                      H. and Popp, P. J.},
      title        = {{A} climatological view of {HNO}3 partitioning in cirrus
                      clouds},
      journal      = {Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
      volume       = {134},
      issn         = {0035-9009},
      address      = {Weinheim [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-57394},
      pages        = {905 - 912},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {The authors thank the coordinators and all teams
                      contributing to the field experiments compiled in the study
                      presented here. Progress in the challenging task of
                      providing an estimate of the nitric acid content of ice for
                      most atmospheric conditions is only possible due to the
                      large effort flowing into all the experiments.Funding from
                      various agencies for the different projects is acknowledged,
                      in particular for SCOUT-O3 which is funded by the EC within
                      FP6 under contract GOCE-CT-2004-505390. C. Voigt appreciates
                      funding by the Helmholtz Young Investigators Fund and the
                      SFB-641 TROP-ICE. The authors also would like to thank Bernd
                      Kaarcher for stimulating discussions. As always, Rolf P.
                      Muller is gratefully acknowledged.},
      abstract     = {A new in situ climatology of cirrus ice water content (IWC)
                      is used, together with observed molar ratios of HNO3/H2O in
                      cirrus ice particles, to estimate the range of HNO3 content
                      in cirrus ice in the temperature interval 185-240 K. We find
                      that nearly over the complete temperature range HNO3
                      percentages in ice between 0.01 and $100\%$ are possible in
                      cirrus clouds and that IWC is a major parameter determining
                      the content of HNO3 in ice at given temperatures.
                      Considering average conditions, the HNO3 content increases
                      with decreasing temperature from $1\%$ to about $10\%$ in
                      the range 240-200 K. For colder ice clouds, the average HNO3
                      content again decreases down to $6\%.$ At higher
                      temperatures, less efficient HNO3 uptake limits the HNO3
                      content in cirrus ice, while at low temperatures small IWCs
                      permit only little HNO3 in ice, thus causing the
                      convex-shaped average HNO3 content curve. The highest HNO3
                      content is expected in tropical ice clouds with very large
                      IWCs, especially at temperatures between 190 and 210 K.
                      Thus, tropical cirrus clouds show the highest potential to
                      vertically redistribute HNO3. Copyright (C) 2008 Royal
                      Meteorological Society.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-1},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB790},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000259292700008},
      doi          = {10.1002/qj.253},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/57394},
}