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@ARTICLE{Dentener:57797,
      author       = {Dentener, F. and Drevet, J. and Lamarque, J. F. and Bey, I.
                      and Eickhout, B. and Fiore, A. M. and Hauglustaine, D. and
                      Horowitz, L. W. and Krol, M. and Kulshrestha, U.C. and
                      Lawrence, M. and Galy-Lacaux, C. and Rast, S. and Shindell,
                      D. and Stevenson, D. and Van Noije, T. and Atherton, C. and
                      Bell, N. and Bergmann, D. and Butler, T. and Cofala, J. and
                      Collins, B. and Doherty, R. and Ellingsen, K. and Galloway,
                      J. and Gauss, M. and Montanaro, V. and Müller, J. F. and
                      Pitari, G. and Rodriguez, J. and Sanderson, M. and Solmon,
                      F. and Strahan, S. and Schultz, M. and Sudo, K. and Szopa,
                      S. and Wild, O.},
      title        = {{N}itrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global
                      scales: {A} multimodel evaluation},
      journal      = {Global biogeochemical cycles},
      volume       = {20},
      issn         = {0886-6236},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {AGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-57797},
      pages        = {GB4003},
      year         = {2006},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {[1] We use 23 atmospheric chemistry transport models to
                      calculate current and future (2030) deposition of reactive
                      nitrogen (NOy, NHx) and sulfate (SOx) to land and ocean
                      surfaces. The models are driven by three emission scenarios:
                      ( 1) current air quality legislation (CLE); ( 2) an
                      optimistic case of the maximum emissions reductions
                      currently technologically feasible ( MFR); and ( 3) the
                      contrasting pessimistic IPCC SRES A2 scenario. An extensive
                      evaluation of the present-day deposition using nearly all
                      information on wet deposition available worldwide shows a
                      good agreement with observations in Europe and North
                      America, where 60 - $70\%$ of the model-calculated wet
                      deposition rates agree to within +/- $50\%$ with
                      quality-controlled measurements. Models systematically
                      overestimate NHx deposition in South Asia, and underestimate
                      NOy deposition in East Asia. We show that there are
                      substantial differences among models for the removal
                      mechanisms of NOy, NHx, and SOx, leading to +/- 1 sigma
                      variance in total deposition fluxes of about $30\%$ in the
                      anthropogenic emissions regions, and up to a factor of 2
                      outside. In all cases the mean model constructed from the
                      ensemble calculations is among the best when comparing to
                      measurements. Currently, 36 - $51\%$ of all NOy, NHx, and
                      SOx is deposited over the ocean, and 50 - $80\%$ of the
                      fraction of deposition on land falls on natural
                      (nonagricultural) vegetation. Currently, $11\%$ of the
                      world's natural vegetation receives nitrogen deposition in
                      excess of the "critical load'' threshold of 1000 mg(N) m(-2)
                      yr(-1). The regions most affected are the United States
                      $(20\%$ of vegetation), western Europe ( $30\%),$ eastern
                      Europe ( $80\%),$ South Asia $(60\%),$ East Asia $40\%),$
                      southeast Asia $(30\%),$ and Japan $(50\%).$ Future
                      deposition fluxes are mainly driven by changes in emissions,
                      and less importantly by changes in atmospheric chemistry and
                      climate. The global fraction of vegetation exposed to
                      nitrogen loads in excess of 1000 mg(N) m(-2) yr(-1)
                      increases globally to $17\%$ for CLE and $25\%$ for A2. In
                      MFR, the reductions in NOy are offset by further increases
                      for NHx deposition. The regions most affected by exceedingly
                      high nitrogen loads for CLE and A2 are Europe and Asia, but
                      also parts of Africa.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-2},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB791},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Geosciences, Multidisciplinary /
                      Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000241700200001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2005GB002672},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/57797},
}