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@ARTICLE{Lalah:58643,
      author       = {Lalah, J. O. and Severin, G. F. and Schramm, K.-W. and
                      Lenoir, D. and Behechti, A. and Guenther, K. and Kettrup,
                      A.},
      title        = {{E}ffects of a {B}ranched p-{N}onylphenol {I}somer
                      (4(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol) on {E}mbryogenesis in
                      {L}ymnae stagnalis {L}.},
      journal      = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
      volume       = {52},
      issn         = {0090-4341},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-58643},
      pages        = {104 - 112},
      year         = {2007},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {The tertiary branched alkyl-chain isomers of p-nonylphenol
                      (NP) are perceived to have more estrogenic potency than its
                      constituent secondary and primary straight alkyl-chain
                      isomers. Investigations with single tertiary branched
                      isomers of NP can therefore contribute toward the
                      elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity and estrogenicity
                      of NP. A single tertiary branched alkyl-chain isomer
                      (4(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol) was used in studies to
                      determine its effects on embryonic growth and mortality in
                      Lymnaea stagnalis L. Egg masses were exposed to the test
                      compound for 20 days in a static waterborne-exposure regime
                      with an average NP concentration of 105 microg/L and water
                      temperature range of 18-20 degrees C. Observations were made
                      under a microscope and pictures were taken with a digital
                      camera to determine the various developmental stages of
                      growth, the duration of growth in each stage, embryo
                      hatchability, and embryo mortality. The isomer was found to
                      cause significant delay in all stages of growth and more
                      significantly in the Morula and Veliger stages. An increase
                      in embryo mortality, from the third day until the end of the
                      experiment, was observed in exposed egg masses compared to
                      controls. The hatching success of embryos was also
                      significantly reduced by exposure, with $81\%$ hatchability
                      in exposed egg masses compared to $93\%$ in the controls,
                      after 18 days of continuous exposure. The encapsulating
                      jelly strand that completely covers the rows of egg masses
                      may have prevented the isomer residues from effectively
                      penetrating into the embryos as shown by the observed low
                      bioconcentration factors of the isomer in egg masses during
                      exposure, resulting in unexpectedly lower observed
                      estrogenic effects. However, this factor was not
                      investigated. In vivo biotransformation of some of the
                      residues of the isomer into catechol metabolites by the
                      embryos during exposure could also result in the reduction
                      of its estrogenic potential. To understand more fully the
                      extent of toxicity and estrogenicity of this isomer, in
                      vitro estrogenic assays are recommended. It would also be
                      necessary to investigate its estrogenic effects on embryo
                      development after in vivo maternal exposure.},
      keywords     = {Animals / Embryo, Nonmammalian: drug effects / Embryo,
                      Nonmammalian: metabolism / Embryonic Development: drug
                      effects / Estradiol Congeners: toxicity / Female /
                      Longevity: drug effects / Lymnaea: physiology / Male / Ovum:
                      drug effects / Ovum: metabolism / Phenols: toxicity / Water
                      Pollutants, Chemical: toxicity /
                      4-(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)phenol (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Estradiol Congeners (NLM Chemicals) / Phenols (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Water Pollutants, Chemical (NLM Chemicals) / J
                      (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB142},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Toxicology},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:17061053},
      UT           = {WOS:000242623800014},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00244-004-0228-4},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/58643},
}