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@PHDTHESIS{Morrissey:58897,
      author       = {Morrissey, Kate L.},
      title        = {{B}iological and chemical induction of systemic resistance
                      in the barley powdery mildew pathosystem},
      volume       = {73},
      school       = {Universität Düsseldorf},
      type         = {Dr. (Univ.)},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-58897},
      isbn         = {978-3-89336-475-6},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. Reihe Umwelt /
                      Environment},
      pages        = {138 S.},
      year         = {2007},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012; Universität
                      Düsseldorf, Diss., 2007},
      abstract     = {Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) provides plants with a
                      broad spectrum resistance to a variety of phytopathogens
                      (fungi, bacteria and viruses). In dicotyledons the systemic
                      resistance can be induced by both biological and chemical
                      activators. At present it is unclear whether SAR exists in
                      monocotyledons, however, induced resistance has been well
                      reported. The barley-powdery mildew interaction
                      ($\textit{Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, Bgh}$) was used as
                      a test system. The effects of various biological
                      ($\textit{Pseudomonas syringae subspecies and Xanthomonas
                      translucens subspecies}$) and chemical (Bion$^{®}$, INA, SA
                      and Paraquat) inducers have been analysed. Local
                      pre-infiltration with some but not all of the bacterial
                      strains tested led to lower systemic powdery mildew growth.
                      The bacteria which were able to multiply quickly within
                      barley were also able to provide protection against fungal
                      infection. The degree of chemical resistance induced varied
                      depending on the chemical inducer used, Bion$^{®}$ was the
                      most effective of those tested. By using a combination of
                      metabolite and expression analyses a hypothesis was
                      developed concerning the mechanisms and signalling cascades
                      involved in the development of the systemic resistance.
                      Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis does not appear to be involved
                      in the induced resistance observed in the course of this
                      study. Little influence was found on the accumulation of
                      soluble phenolic compounds following the individual local
                      pre-treatments, whilst alterations were observed after
                      $\textit{Bgh}$ infection. This was in agreement with the
                      obtained expression data for PAL and CHS. In contrast three
                      different pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins displayed
                      differential regulation. PR-1, PR-2 and PR-3 are commonly
                      used as markers for SAR in dicotyledons, it was shown here
                      that Bion$^{®}$ and a $\textit{Pseudomonas syringae}$
                      subspecies resulted in induced PR-gene expression in barley.
                      Paraquat led to primed expression, whilst the remaining
                      bacteria induced local PR transcript accumulation and primed
                      systemic expression. In some but not all systemic leaves
                      lipoxygenase, as a marker for JA biosynthesis, was primed or
                      induced as well as some JA dependent genes. It was
                      hypothesised that Bion$^{®}$ mediates its systemic effects
                      through JA signalling, whilst another signal is required for
                      local responses possibly SA. The bacterial strains tested
                      appear to involve a variety of signalling mechanisms which
                      respond with differing speed and intensity. Local triggering
                      includes reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, at
                      later time points JA and other signalling molecules induce
                      defence responses. Paraquat pretreatment sensitised the
                      barley plants to respond quicker and stronger to subsequent
                      pathogen attack without having the cost of pre-emptively
                      producing defence proteins. JA signalling is suggested to be
                      responsible for local events whilst another signalling
                      molecule must contribute to the systemic responses, possibly
                      ROS. Local Paraquat pre-treatment of barley plants had a
                      massive effect by reducing redox genes in systemic leaves as
                      shown by differential gene expression. The results pointed
                      out, that the systemic induced resistance in monocotyledons
                      involves several different signalling cascades and induces
                      various defence mechanisms. In some parameters it resembles
                      SAR of dicotyledons but not in others. Thus the systemic
                      induced resistance seems to be of higher complexity in
                      monocotyledons than in dicotyledons and requires further
                      investigation.},
      cin          = {ICG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICG-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/58897},
}