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@ARTICLE{Deiana:59377,
      author       = {Deiana, R. and Cassiani, G. and Kemna, A. and Villa, A. and
                      Bruno, V. and Bagliani, A.},
      title        = {{A}n experiment of non-invasive characterization of the
                      vadose zone via water injection and cross-hole time-lapse
                      geophysical monitoring},
      journal      = {Near surface geophysics},
      volume       = {5},
      issn         = {1569-4445},
      address      = {Houten},
      publisher    = {EAGE},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-59377},
      pages        = {183 - 194},
      year         = {2007},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {The characterization of the vadose zone, i.e. the part of
                      the subsurface above the water table, is a challenging task.
                      This zone is difficult to access with direct methods without
                      causing major disturbance to the natural in-situ conditions.
                      Hence the increasing use of geophysical methods capable of
                      imaging the water presence in the vadose zone, such as
                      ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity
                      tomography (ERT). This type of monitoring can be applied
                      both to processes of natural infiltration and to artificial
                      injection (tracer) tests, by collecting multiple data sets
                      through time (time-lapse mode). We present the results of a
                      water-injection experiment conducted at a test site in
                      Gorgonzola, east of Milan (Italy). The site is characterized
                      by Quaternary sand and gravel sediments that house an
                      extensive unconfined aquifer, potentially subject to
                      pollution from industrial and agricultural sources. ERT and
                      GPR profiles were acquired in 2D cross-hole configuration
                      and time-lapse mode over a period of several days preceding
                      and following the injection of 3.5 m(3) of fresh water in a
                      purpose-excavated trench. A 3D model of the water- infi
                      Itrati on experiment was calibrated against the time-lapse
                      cross-hole data, particularly focusing on the ability of the
                      model to reproduce the vertical motion of the centre of mass
                      of the injected water as imaged by GPR and ERT. This model
                      calibration provided an estimate of the isotropic hydraulic
                      conductivity of the sediments in the range of 5-10 m/d.
                      However, all isotropic models overpredict the measured
                      excess of moisture content, caused by water injection, as
                      imaged by GPR. The calibration of anisotropic models for the
                      vertical hydraulic conductivity, with the horizontal
                      hydraulic conductivity determined by direct measurement,
                      also leads to a good fit of the sinking of the centre of
                      mass, with a better mass balance in comparison with field
                      data. The information derived from the experiment is key to
                      a quantitative assessment of aquifer vulnerability to
                      pollutants infiltrating from the surface.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Geochemistry $\&$ Geophysics},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000247099200004},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/59377},
}