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@ARTICLE{Burkhardt:61724,
      author       = {Burkhardt, M. and Kasteel, R. and Vanderborght, J. and
                      Vereecken, H.},
      title        = {{F}ield study on colloid transport using fluorescent
                      microspheres},
      journal      = {European journal of soil science},
      volume       = {59},
      issn         = {1351-0754},
      address      = {Oxford [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-61724},
      pages        = {82 - 93},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Understanding colloid movement through the vadose zone is
                      important, because colloids may facilitate transport of some
                      less mobile contaminants. Experimental evidence of colloid
                      transport in the vadose zone, especially at the field scale,
                      is rare. We developed and tested a method to detect and
                      quantify local concentrations of fluorescent microspheres
                      (MS) with a diameter of 1 μm in unsaturated soil based on
                      fluorescent microscopy. The detection limit was
                      400 × 106 MS kg−1 field-moist soil for an
                      automated counting method, and 20 × 103 MS kg−1
                      for manual counting. To test the method in the field, we
                      applied a 40-mm pulse with an input concentration of
                      14.6 × 109 MS litre−1 on two plots during
                      6 hours, together with bromide (Br−) and the food dye
                      Brilliant Blue (BB). The concentrations of MS were
                      determined on horizontal cross-sections by a randomly
                      distributed sampling scheme, either directly after
                      application or 90 days after application and a rainfall of
                      100 mm. Mass recoveries for the MS of 85 and $65\%$ were
                      acceptable in view of the field conditions. Even after
                      infiltration of particle-free water, the largest MS
                      concentrations were measured at the soil’s surface, which
                      pointed at physical retention mechanisms. An additional
                      selective sampling of hydrologically active preferential
                      flow pathways, guided by the dye infiltration patterns,
                      revealed that the MS were transported to similar depths as
                      BB, that is 0.80 m directly after irrigation and 1.7 m
                      after 90 days. This implies that also a small fraction of
                      the particulate tracers was rapidly transported to larger
                      depths, regardless of their physico-chemical properties.},
      cin          = {ICG-4 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {630},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Soil Science},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000252320700009},
      doi          = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00989.x},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/61724},
}