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@ARTICLE{Wendland:61755,
      author       = {Wendland, F. and Berthold, G. and Blum, A. and Elsass, P.
                      and Fritsche, H. G. and Kunkel, R. and Wolter, R.},
      title        = {{D}erivation of natural background levels and threshold
                      values for groundwater bodies in the {U}pper {R}hine
                      {V}alley ({F}rance, {S}witzerland and {G}ermany)},
      journal      = {Desalination},
      volume       = {226},
      issn         = {0011-9164},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-61755},
      pages        = {160 - 168},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {According to the requirements of the EU Water Framework
                      Directive (EU-WFD, article 17.2a) criteria for the
                      assessment of the chemical status of groundwater have to be
                      developed, which may serve as starting points for a trend
                      reversal (article 17.2b) in case the good status is failed.
                      Against this background an EU-wide applicable approach to
                      assess natural background levels (NBLs) and threshold values
                      (TVs) for the definition of the groundwater chemical status
                      has been developed. NBLs are derived based on a preselection
                      method using aquifer typologies as natural reference
                      systems. Samples with purely anthropogenic substances (e.g.
                      PAC, pesticides) as well as samples, in which indicator
                      substances for anthropogenic inputs (e.g. nitrate) are
                      exceeding a certain value, are excluded. The NBLs are
                      defined for the remaining groundwater samples of the aquifer
                      typology under concern as the concentration range between
                      the $10\%$ and $90\%$ percentiles. The threshold values
                      (TVs) get established with reference to the NBLs and a "not
                      acceptable reference value" (REF), e.g. drinking water
                      standards or toxicological values, guaranteeing that the TVs
                      are higher than the NBLs, but lower than the REF values. The
                      applicability of the methodology for NBL and TV derivation
                      has been applied to the transboundary groundwater body of
                      the Upper Rhine Valley in Germany, Switzerland and France.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793},
      pnm          = {Nachhaltige Entwicklung und Technik},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK408},
      shelfmark    = {Engineering, Chemical / Water Resources},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000257604300019},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.240},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/61755},
}