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@ARTICLE{Luo:62361,
      author       = {Luo, Z. and Kley, D. and Johnson, R. H. and Smit, H.},
      title        = {{T}en {Y}ears of {M}easurements of {T}ropical
                      {U}pper-{T}ropospheric {W}ater {V}apor by {MOZAIC}. {P}art
                      {II}: {A}ssessing the {ECMWF} {H}umidity {A}nalysis},
      journal      = {Journal of climate},
      volume       = {21},
      issn         = {0894-8755},
      address      = {Boston, Mass. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {AMS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-62361},
      pages        = {1449 - 1466},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {In a recent publication (Part I), the authors introduced a
                      data source-Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus
                      In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC)-for monitoring and studying
                      upper-tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) and analyzed 10 yr
                      (1994-2004) of MOZAIC measurements of tropical UTWV in its
                      climatology, variability, transport, and relation to deep
                      convection. In this study (Part II), MOZAIC is used to
                      assess the ECMWF humidity analysis over the tropics, taking
                      advantage of the unique nature of the MOZAIC data, namely,
                      the long data record, near-global coverage, and high
                      accuracy.In parallel to Part I, the ECMWF UTWV analysis is
                      assessed against MOZAIC in the following five aspects: 1)
                      annual cycle, 2) vertical structure, 3) probability density
                      functions (PDFs), 4) moisture flux divergence, and 5)
                      interannual variability. The annual cycle of the ECMWF UTWV
                      shows a similar pattern as MOZAIC but has an overall dry
                      bias of about $10\%-30\%$ relative humidity with respect to
                      ice (RHi). The dry biases are larger in the deep tropics
                      than the subtropics and larger over the Asian monsoon region
                      than the tropical Atlantic region. The increase in RH with
                      height (from about 300 to 200 hPa) as observed by MOZAIC is
                      largely missing in the ECMWF analysis, which has a roughly
                      constant RH profile. The bimodal distribution of tropical
                      UTWV is well established in MOZAIC, but for ECMWF, the moist
                      mode is abruptly cut off at $100\%$ RHi due to the lack of
                      ice supersaturation (ISS) in the forecast model. Lack of ISS
                      capability is, however, not the only cause for the dry bias
                      in the ECMWF; it also has more occurrences of lower humidity
                      compared to MOZAIC. There is also evidence that ECMWF
                      underestimates the range of upper-tropospheric humidity
                      (UTH) variation. A comparison of moisture flux divergence is
                      conducted to assess the ability of ECMWF to capture the
                      divergent transport of water vapor. It is shown that the
                      ECMWF can represent the distribution of this quantity fairly
                      well, although the dry bias leads to some underestimate of
                      the magnitude. Finally, the authors show a comparison of the
                      ECMWF and MOZAIC depictions of the interannual variation of
                      UTWV during the 1997/98 ENSO event as an illustration that
                      UTWV variations are more difficult to capture than those of
                      the UT temperature.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-2},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB791},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000255004000001},
      doi          = {10.1175/2007JCLI1887.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/62361},
}