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@ARTICLE{Kiemle:62612,
      author       = {Kiemle, C. and Wirth, M. and Fix, A. and Ehret, G. and
                      Schumann, U. and Gardiner, T. and Schiller, C. and Sitnikov,
                      N. and Stiller, G.},
      title        = {{F}irst airborne water vapor lidar measurements in the
                      tropical upper troposphere and mid-latitudes lower
                      stratosphere: accuracy evaluation and intercomparisons with
                      other instruments},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {1680-7367},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-62612},
      pages        = {5245-5261},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {This work has been partially funded by the European
                      Commission within TROCCINOX (contract EVK2-CT-2001-00122)
                      and the European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and
                      Technical Research (COST ES0604). Without the support by the
                      Brazilian Instituto de Pesquisas Meteorologicas (IPMET) of
                      the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) the measurements
                      would not have been possible. The authors gratefully
                      acknowledge the DLR flight facility and the NOAA Air
                      Resources Laboratory for the provision of the HYSPLIT
                      transport model used in this publication.},
      abstract     = {In the tropics, deep convection is the major source of
                      uncertainty in water vapor transport to the upper
                      troposphere and into the stratosphere. Although accurate
                      measurements in this region would be of first order
                      importance to better understand the processes that govern
                      stratospheric water vapor concentrations and trends in the
                      context of a changing climate, they are sparse because of
                      instrumental shortcomings and observational challenges.
                      Therefore, the Falcon research aircraft of the Deutsches
                      Zentrum fur Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR) flew a zenith-viewing
                      water vapor dill ferential absorption lidar (DIAL) during
                      the Tropical Convection. Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides
                      Experiment (TROC-CINOX) in 2004 and 2005 in Brazil. The
                      measurements were performed alternatively on three water
                      vapor absorption lines of different strength around 940 nm.
                      These are the first aircraft DIAL measurements in the
                      tropical upper troposphere and in the mid-latitudes lower
                      stratosphere. Sensitivity, analyses reveal an accuracy of
                      $5\%$ between altitudes of 8 and 16 km. This is confirmed by
                      intercomparisons with the Fast In-situ Stratospheric
                      Hygrometer (FISH) and the Fluorescent Advanced Stratospheric
                      Hygrometer (FLASH) on-board the Russian M-55 Geophysica
                      research aircraft during five coordinated flights. The
                      average relative differences between FISH and DIAL amount to
                      $-3\%$ +/- $8\%$ and between FLASH and DIAL to $-8\%$ +/-
                      $14\%,$ negative meaning DIAL is more humid. The average
                      distance between the probed air masses was 129 km. The DIAL
                      is found to have no altitude- or latitude-dependent bias. A
                      comparison with the balloon ascent of a laser absorption
                      spectrometer gives an average difference of $0\%$ +/- $19\%$
                      at a distance of 75 km. Six tropical DIAL under-flights of
                      the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric
                      Sounding (MIPAS) on board EN-VISAT reveal a mean difference
                      of $-8\%$ +/- $49\%$ at an average distance of 315 km. While
                      the comparison with MIPAS is somewhat less significant due
                      to poorer comparison conditions. the agreement with the
                      in-situ hygrometers provides evidence of the excellent
                      quality of FISH, FLASH and DIAL. Most DIAL profiles exhibit
                      a smooth exponential decrease of water vapor mixing ratio in
                      the tropical upper troposphere to lower stratosphere
                      transition. The hygropause with a minimum mixing ratio of
                      2.5 mu mol/mol is found between 15 and 17 km. A
                      high-resolution (2 km horizontal, 0.2 km vertical) DIAL
                      cross section through the anvil outflow of tropical
                      convection shows that the ambient humidity is increased by a
                      factor of three across 100 km.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-1},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB790},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000259221400012},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-8-5245-2008},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/62612},
}