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@ARTICLE{Ern:7001,
      author       = {Ern, M. and Cho, H.-K. and Preusse, P. and Eckermann, S.D.},
      title        = {{P}roperties of the average distribution of equatorial
                      {K}elvin waves investigated with the {GROGRAT} ray tracer},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {9},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-7001},
      pages        = {7973 - 7995},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {The work of M. Ern was supported by the European Commission
                      (European Union's 6th framework program) within the EC
                      Integrated Project SCOUT-O3 (505390-GOCE-CT-2004). The work
                      of H.-K. Cho was supported by the Korea Science and
                      Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through the National Research
                      Lab. Program funded by the Ministry of Science and
                      Technology (M10500000114-06J0000-11410). We thank the whole
                      SABER team, in particular M. G. Mlynczak, J. M. Russell III,
                      and L. L. Gordley for providing the excellent data set of
                      SABER temperatures. Thanks also go to the European Centre
                      for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing the
                      global ECMWF analyses used. Helpful comments by two
                      anonymous reviewers are acknowledged.},
      abstract     = {Kelvin waves excited by tropospheric convection are
                      considered to be one of the main drivers of the
                      stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). In this
                      paper we combine several measured data sets with the Gravity
                      wave Regional Or Global RAy Tracer (GROGRAT) in order to
                      study the forcing and vertical propagation of Kelvin waves.
                      Launch distributions for the ray tracer at tropospheric
                      altitudes are deduced from space-time spectra of European
                      Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
                      operational analyses, as well as outgoing longwave radiation
                      (OLR) and rainfall data measured by the Tropical Rainfall
                      Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The resulting
                      stratospheric Kelvin wave spectra are compared to ECMWF
                      operational analyses and temperature measurements of the
                      Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission
                      Radiometry (SABER) satellite instrument. Questions addressed
                      are: the relative importance of source variability versus
                      wind modulation, the relative importance of radiative and
                      turbulent damping versus wave breaking, and the minimum
                      altitude where freely propagating waves dominate the
                      spectrum.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-1},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB790},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000271240500020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/7001},
}