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@ARTICLE{deReus:7553,
      author       = {de Reus, M. and Borrmann, S. and Bansemer, A. and
                      Heymsfield, A.J. and Weigel, R. and Schiller, C. and Mitev,
                      V. and Frey, W. and Kunkel, D. and Kürten, A. and Curtius,
                      J. and Sitnikov, N.M. and Ulanovsky, A. and Ravegnani, F.},
      title        = {{E}vidence for ice particles in the tropical stratosphere
                      from in-situ measurements},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {9},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-7553},
      pages        = {6775 - 6792},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {We thank Sebastian Raupach, Christian von Glahn and Hermann
                      Vossing from the University of Mainz for carrying out the
                      CIP and FSSP instrument preparation and data collection
                      during the SCOUT-O<INF>3</INF> campaign. The
                      SCOUT-O<INF>3</INF> project was funded by the European
                      Commission (GOCE-CT-2004-505390) and additional financial
                      support was provided by the Max Planck Society and the
                      Collaborative Research Centre "The Tropospheric Ice Phase"
                      (SFB-641). The participation of Aaron Bansemer and Andrew
                      Heymsfield to the SCOUT/ACTIVE project was funded by the
                      University of Manchester. Special thanks to the entire
                      "Geophysica" crew and the local authorities in Darwin (
                      Australia) and Ouagadougou ( Burkina Faso) for their
                      excellent collaboration during the campaign. Many helpful
                      comments from the participants of the Oral Session 5 on
                      Cirrus Clouds during the 15th International Conference on
                      Clouds and Precipitation, July 2008 in Cancun, Mexico are
                      greatly appreciated as is the diligent handling of the
                      manuscript by the editor Dominik Brunner.},
      abstract     = {In-situ ice crystal size distribution measurements are
                      presented within the tropical troposphere and lower
                      stratosphere. The measurements were performed using a
                      combination of a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe
                      (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP), which were
                      installed on the Russian high altitude research aircraft M55
                      "Geophysica" during the SCOUT-O-3 campaign in Darwin,
                      Australia. One of the objectives of the campaign was to
                      characterise the Hector convective system, which appears on
                      an almost daily basis during the pre-monsoon season over the
                      Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin. In total 90 encounters with
                      ice clouds, between 10 and 19 km altitude were selected from
                      the dataset and were analysed. Six of these encounters were
                      observed in the lower stratosphere, up to 1.4 km above the
                      local tropopause. Concurrent lidar measurements on board
                      "Geophysica" indicate that these ice clouds were a result of
                      overshooting convection. Large ice crystals, with a maximum
                      dimension up to 400 mu m, were observed in the stratosphere.
                      The stratospheric ice clouds included an ice water content
                      ranging from 7.7x10(-5) to 8.5x10(-4) gm(-3) and were
                      observed at ambient relative humidities ( with respect to
                      ice) between 75 and $157\%.$ Three modal lognormal size
                      distributions were fitted to the average size distributions
                      for different potential temperature intervals, showing that
                      the shape of the size distribution of the stratospheric ice
                      clouds are similar to those observed in the upper
                      troposphere.In the tropical troposphere the effective radius
                      of the ice cloud particles decreases from 100 mu m at about
                      10 km altitude, to 3 mu m at the tropopause, while the ice
                      water content decreases from 0.04 to 10(-5) gm(-3). No clear
                      trend in the number concentration was observed with
                      altitude, due to the thin and inhomogeneous characteristics
                      of the observed cirrus clouds.The ice water content
                      calculated from the observed ice crystal size distribution
                      is compared to the ice water content derived from two
                      hygrometer instruments. This independent measurement of the
                      ice water content agrees within the combined uncertainty of
                      the instruments for ice water contents exceeding 3x10(-4)
                      gm(-3).Stratospheric residence times, calculated based on
                      gravitational settling, and evaporation rates show that the
                      ice crystals observed in the stratosphere over the Hector
                      storm system had a high potential of humidifying the
                      stratosphere locally.Utilizing total aerosol number
                      concentration measurements from a four channel condensation
                      particle counter during two separate campaigns, it can be
                      shown that the fraction of ice particles to the number of
                      aerosol particles remaining ranges from 1: 300 to 1: 30 000
                      for tropical upper tropospheric ice clouds with ambient
                      temperatures below -75 degrees C.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-1},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB790},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000270131400009},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/7553},
}