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|a Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
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|a de Reus, M.
|b 0
245 _ _ |a Evidence for ice particles in the tropical stratosphere from in-situ measurements
260 _ _ |a Katlenburg-Lindau
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|c 2009
300 _ _ |a 6775 - 6792
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|a Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
|v 9
|x 1680-7316
500 _ _ |a We thank Sebastian Raupach, Christian von Glahn and Hermann Vossing from the University of Mainz for carrying out the CIP and FSSP instrument preparation and data collection during the SCOUT-O3 campaign. The SCOUT-O3 project was funded by the European Commission (GOCE-CT-2004-505390) and additional financial support was provided by the Max Planck Society and the Collaborative Research Centre "The Tropospheric Ice Phase" (SFB-641). The participation of Aaron Bansemer and Andrew Heymsfield to the SCOUT/ACTIVE project was funded by the University of Manchester. Special thanks to the entire "Geophysica" crew and the local authorities in Darwin ( Australia) and Ouagadougou ( Burkina Faso) for their excellent collaboration during the campaign. Many helpful comments from the participants of the Oral Session 5 on Cirrus Clouds during the 15th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, July 2008 in Cancun, Mexico are greatly appreciated as is the diligent handling of the manuscript by the editor Dominik Brunner.
520 _ _ |a In-situ ice crystal size distribution measurements are presented within the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere. The measurements were performed using a combination of a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP), which were installed on the Russian high altitude research aircraft M55 "Geophysica" during the SCOUT-O-3 campaign in Darwin, Australia. One of the objectives of the campaign was to characterise the Hector convective system, which appears on an almost daily basis during the pre-monsoon season over the Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin. In total 90 encounters with ice clouds, between 10 and 19 km altitude were selected from the dataset and were analysed. Six of these encounters were observed in the lower stratosphere, up to 1.4 km above the local tropopause. Concurrent lidar measurements on board "Geophysica" indicate that these ice clouds were a result of overshooting convection. Large ice crystals, with a maximum dimension up to 400 mu m, were observed in the stratosphere. The stratospheric ice clouds included an ice water content ranging from 7.7x10(-5) to 8.5x10(-4) gm(-3) and were observed at ambient relative humidities ( with respect to ice) between 75 and 157%. Three modal lognormal size distributions were fitted to the average size distributions for different potential temperature intervals, showing that the shape of the size distribution of the stratospheric ice clouds are similar to those observed in the upper troposphere.In the tropical troposphere the effective radius of the ice cloud particles decreases from 100 mu m at about 10 km altitude, to 3 mu m at the tropopause, while the ice water content decreases from 0.04 to 10(-5) gm(-3). No clear trend in the number concentration was observed with altitude, due to the thin and inhomogeneous characteristics of the observed cirrus clouds.The ice water content calculated from the observed ice crystal size distribution is compared to the ice water content derived from two hygrometer instruments. This independent measurement of the ice water content agrees within the combined uncertainty of the instruments for ice water contents exceeding 3x10(-4) gm(-3).Stratospheric residence times, calculated based on gravitational settling, and evaporation rates show that the ice crystals observed in the stratosphere over the Hector storm system had a high potential of humidifying the stratosphere locally.Utilizing total aerosol number concentration measurements from a four channel condensation particle counter during two separate campaigns, it can be shown that the fraction of ice particles to the number of aerosol particles remaining ranges from 1: 300 to 1: 30 000 for tropical upper tropospheric ice clouds with ambient temperatures below -75 degrees C.
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|a Borrmann, S.
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|a Bansemer, A.
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|a Heymsfield, A.J.
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|a Frey, W.
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|a Kunkel, D.
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|a Kürten, A.
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|a Curtius, J.
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|a Sitnikov, N.M.
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|a Ravegnani, F.
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