% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Kunz:7566,
      author       = {Kunz, A. and Konopka, P. and Müller, R. and Pan, L.L. and
                      Schiller, C. and Rohrer, F.},
      title        = {{H}igh static stability in the mixing layer above the
                      extratropical tropopause},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {114},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-7566},
      pages        = {D16305},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {This work is supported by the HGF programme EOS (Earth
                      Observing System). We thank P. Hoor and H. Fischer for
                      providing the SPURT CO data, P. M. Forster for support and
                      permission to use his radiation scheme, and T. Birner for
                      review and useful discussions on the paper. Furthermore, the
                      reviews and comments of two anonymous referees were very
                      helpful.},
      abstract     = {The relationship between the static stability N-2 and the
                      mixing in the tropopause inversion layer (TIL) is
                      investigated using in situ aircraft observations during
                      SPURT (trace gas transport in the tropopause region). With a
                      new simple measure of mixing degree based on O-3-CO tracer
                      correlations, high N-2 related to an enhanced mixing in the
                      extratropical mixing layer is found. This relation becomes
                      even more pronounced if fresh mixing events are excluded,
                      indicating that mixing within the TIL occurs on a larger
                      than synoptic timescale. A temporal variance analysis of N-2
                      suggests that processes responsible for the composition of
                      the TIL take place on seasonal timescales. Using radiative
                      transfer calculations, we simulate the influence of a change
                      in O-3 and H2O vertical gradients on the temperature
                      gradient and thus on the static stability above the
                      tropopause, which are contrasted in an idealized nonmixed
                      atmosphere and in a reference mixed atmosphere. The results
                      show that N-2 increases with enhanced mixing degree near the
                      tropopause. At the same time, the temperature above the
                      tropopause decreases together with the development of an
                      inversion and the TIL. In the idealized case of nonmixed
                      profiles the TIL vanishes. Furthermore, the results suggest
                      that H2O plays a major role in maintaining the temperature
                      inversion and the TIL structure compared to O-3. The results
                      substantiate the link between the extratropical mixing layer
                      and the TIL.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-1},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB790},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000269350200005},
      doi          = {10.1029/2009JD011840},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/7566},
}