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@ARTICLE{Pan:7674,
      author       = {Pan, L. L. and Randel, W. J. and Gille, J.C. and Hall, W.D.
                      and Nardi, B. and Massie, S. and Yudin, V. and Khosrawi, F.
                      and Konopka, P. and Tarasick, D.},
      title        = {{T}ropospheric intrusions associated with the secondary
                      tropopause},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {114},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-7674},
      pages        = {D10302},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored
                      by the National Science Foundation.},
      abstract     = {Deep intrusions of tropospheric air into the lower
                      stratosphere above the subtropical jet are investigated
                      using new observations and meteorological analyses. These
                      intrusions are characterized by low ozone concentration and
                      low static stability. The low-ozone layer is consistently
                      observed from ozonesonde profiles and satellite remote
                      sensing data from Aura/HIRDLS. The intruding layer occurs
                      along and under the poleward extending tropical tropopause,
                      which becomes the secondary tropopause in middle to high
                      latitudes. The association of the ozone and the thermal
                      structure provides evidence for the physical significance of
                      the subtropical tropopause break and the secondary
                      tropopause. The core of the intruding layer is typically
                      between 370 and 400 K potential temperature (similar to 15
                      km), but the vertical extent of the intrusion can impact
                      ozone above 400 K, the lower boundary of the overworld. Two
                      intrusion events over the continental United States in the
                      spring of 2007 are analyzed to show the spatial extent and
                      the temporal evolution of the intruding air mass. These
                      examples demonstrate the effectiveness of potential
                      temperature lapse rate, i.e., static stability, as a
                      diagnostic for the intrusion event. Comparison with the
                      potential vorticity field is made to show the
                      complementarity of the two dynamical fields. The static
                      stability diagnostic provides a tool to map out the
                      horizontal extent of the intruding layer and to investigate
                      its evolution. Furthermore, the diagnostic makes it possible
                      to forecast the intrusion event for field studies.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-1},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB790},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK406},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000266363500003},
      doi          = {10.1029/2008JD011374},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/7674},
}