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@ARTICLE{Allen:7756,
      author       = {Allen, B.. and Kotchey, G. and Chen, Y. and Yanamala, N.
                      and Klein-Seetharaman, J. and Kagan, V. and Star, A.},
      title        = {{M}echanistic {I}nvestigations of {H}orseradish
                      {P}eroxidase-{C}atalyzed {D}egradation of {S}ingle-{W}alled
                      {C}arbon {N}anotubes},
      journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
      volume       = {131},
      issn         = {0002-7863},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-7756},
      pages        = {17194 - 17205},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {This work was supported by AFOSR, Grant no. FA
                      9550-09-1-0478; NIOSH OH008282 and the 7th Framework
                      Programme of the European Commission (NANOMMUNE).},
      abstract     = {Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been
                      investigated for a variety of applications including
                      composite materials, electronics, and drug delivery.
                      However, these applications may be compromised depending on
                      the negative effects of SWNTs to living systems. While
                      reports of toxicity induced by SWNTs vary, means to
                      alleviate or quell these effects are in small abundance. We
                      have reported recently the degradation of carboxylated SWNTs
                      through enzymatic catalysis with horseradish peroxidase
                      (HRP). In this full Article, we investigated the degradation
                      of both carboxylated and pristine SWNTs with HRP and
                      compared these results with chemical degradation by hemin
                      and FeCl(3). The interaction between pristine and
                      carboxylated SWNTs with HRP was further studied by computer
                      modeling, and the products of the enzymatic degradation were
                      identified. By examining these factors with both pristine
                      and carboxylated SWNTs through a variety of techniques
                      including atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission
                      electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy,
                      ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectroscopy,
                      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
                      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid
                      chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), degradation
                      pathways were elucidated. It was observed that pristine
                      SWNTs demonstrate no degradation with HRP incubation but
                      display significant degradation when incubated with either
                      hemin or FeCl(3). Such data signify a heterolytic cleavage
                      of H(2)O(2) with HRP as pristine nanotubes do not degrade,
                      whereas Fenton catalysis results in the homolytic cleavage
                      of H(2)O(2) producing free radicals that oxidize pristine
                      SWNTs. Product analysis shows complete degradation produces
                      CO(2) gas. Conversely, incomplete degradation results in the
                      formation of different oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons.},
      keywords     = {Biocatalysis / Horseradish Peroxidase: metabolism /
                      Microscopy, Atomic Force / Microscopy, Electron,
                      Transmission / Nanotubes, Carbon / Spectrum Analysis:
                      methods / Nanotubes, Carbon (NLM Chemicals) / Horseradish
                      Peroxidase (NLM Chemicals) / J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ISB-2},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ISB-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {Programm Biosoft},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK443},
      shelfmark    = {Chemistry, Multidisciplinary},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:19891488},
      UT           = {WOS:000272207300042},
      doi          = {10.1021/ja9083623},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/7756},
}