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@ARTICLE{Heng:808971,
      author       = {Heng, Yi and Hoffmann, Lars and Griessbach, Sabine and
                      Rößler, Thomas and Stein, Olaf},
      title        = {{I}nverse transport modeling of volcanic sulfur dioxide
                      emissions using large-scale simulations},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1991-9603},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-02470},
      pages        = {1627 - 1645},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {An inverse transport modeling approach based on the
                      concepts of sequential importance resampling and parallel
                      computing is presented to reconstruct altitude-resolved time
                      series of volcanic emissions, which often cannot be obtained
                      directly with current measurement techniques. A new inverse
                      modeling and simulation system, which implements the
                      inversion approach with the Lagrangian transport model
                      Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) is
                      developed to provide reliable transport simulations of
                      volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2). In the inverse modeling
                      system MPTRAC is used to perform two types of simulations,
                      i.e., unit simulations for the reconstruction of volcanic
                      emissions and final forward simulations. Both types of
                      transport simulations are based on wind fields of the
                      ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis of the European Centre
                      for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. The reconstruction of
                      altitude-dependent SO2 emission time series is also based on
                      Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) satellite observations.
                      A case study for the eruption of the Nabro volcano, Eritrea,
                      in June 2011, with complex emission patterns, is considered
                      for method validation. Meteosat Visible and InfraRed Imager
                      (MVIRI) near-real-time imagery data are used to validate the
                      temporal development of the reconstructed emissions.
                      Furthermore, the altitude distributions of the emission time
                      series are compared with top and bottom altitude
                      measurements of aerosol layers obtained by the
                      Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)
                      and the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric
                      Sounding (MIPAS) satellite instruments. The final forward
                      simulations provide detailed spatial and temporal
                      information on the SO2 distributions of the Nabro eruption.
                      By using the critical success index (CSI), the simulation
                      results are evaluated with the AIRS observations. Compared
                      to the results with an assumption of a constant flux of SO2
                      emissions, our inversion approach leads to an improvement of
                      the mean CSI value from 8.1 to $21.4 \%$ and the maximum
                      CSI value from 32.3 to $52.4 \%.$ The simulation results
                      are also compared with those reported in other studies and
                      good agreement is observed. Our new inverse modeling and
                      simulation system is expected to become a useful tool to
                      also study other volcanic eruption events.},
      cin          = {JSC / IEK-8},
      ddc          = {910},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511) / 243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000376936200016},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmd-9-1627-2016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/808971},
}