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@ARTICLE{Niether:809438,
      author       = {Niether, Doreen and Afanasenkau, Dzmitry and Dhont, Jan K.
                      G. and Wiegand, Simone},
      title        = {{A}ccumulation of formamide in hydrothermal pores to form
                      prebiotic nucleobases},
      journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
                      United States of America},
      volume       = {113},
      number       = {16},
      issn         = {1091-6490},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {National Acad. of Sciences},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-02544},
      pages        = {4272 - 4277},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Formamide is one of the important compounds from which
                      prebiotic molecules can be synthesized, provided that its
                      concentration is sufficiently high. For nucleotides and
                      short DNA strands, it has been shown that a high degree of
                      accumulation in hydrothermal pores occurs, so that
                      temperature gradients might play a role in the origin of
                      life [Baaske P, et al. (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
                      104(22):9346−9351]. We show that the same combination of
                      thermophoresis and convection in hydrothermal pores leads to
                      accumulation of formamide up to concentrations where
                      nucleobases are formed. The thermophoretic properties of
                      aqueous formamide solutions are studied by means of Infrared
                      Thermal Diffusion Forced Rayleigh Scattering. These data are
                      used in numerical finite element calculations in
                      hydrothermal pores for various initial concentrations,
                      ambient temperatures, and pore sizes. The high degree of
                      formamide accumulation is due to an unusual temperature and
                      concentration dependence of the thermophoretic behavior of
                      formamide. The accumulation fold in part of the pores
                      increases strongly with increasing aspect ratio of the
                      pores, and saturates to highly concentrated aqueous
                      formamide solutions of ∼85 $wt\%$ at large aspect ratios.
                      Time-dependent studies show that these high concentrations
                      are reached after 45–90 d, starting with an initial
                      formamide weight fraction of 10−3 wt $\%$ that is typical
                      for concentrations in shallow lakes on early Earth.},
      cin          = {ICS-3},
      ddc          = {000},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-3-20110106},
      pnm          = {551 - Functional Macromolecules and Complexes (POF3-551)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-551},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000374393800031},
      pubmed       = {pmid:27044100},
      doi          = {10.1073/pnas.1600275113},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/809438},
}