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@ARTICLE{Mertens:810842,
      author       = {Mertens, Andreas and Vinke, Izaak C. and Tempel, Hermann
                      and Kungl, Hans and de Haart, L. G. J. and Eichel,
                      Rüdiger-A. and Granwehr, Josef},
      title        = {{Q}uantitative {A}nalysis of {T}ime-{D}omain {S}upported
                      {E}lectrochemical {I}mpedance {S}pectroscopy {D}ata of
                      {L}i-{I}on {B}atteries: {R}eliable {A}ctivation {E}nergy
                      {D}etermination at {L}ow {F}requencies},
      journal      = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},
      volume       = {163},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1945-7111},
      address      = {Pennington, NJ},
      publisher    = {Electrochemical Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-03425},
      pages        = {H521 - H527},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {For an accurate characterization of transport and mobility
                      processes in batteries using electrochemical impedance
                      spectroscopy (EIS), a large frequency range of up to ten
                      decades must be covered. It is experimentally demonstrated,
                      for the first time, that the phase of the impedance
                      measurements converges in the sub-millihertz range, which
                      permits a reliable quantification of diffusion kinetics. To
                      avoid a considerable change of the state of charge (SOC) of
                      the battery and to mitigate the very long measurement times
                      caused by standard EIS, a combination of EIS and time domain
                      measurements, the time-domain supported electrochemical
                      impedance spectroscopy (TD-EIS), is employed. To ensure an
                      utmost comparability and reproducibility of the results with
                      minimum influence of the cell fabrication, the method is
                      demonstrated using three equivalent, industrially
                      manufactured lithium-ion pouch cells at varying
                      temperatures. The obtained impedance data were fitted by an
                      electrical equivalent circuit battery model for an accurate
                      estimate of charge transfer resistance and, in particular,
                      also solid-state diffusion rate. Both processes follow an
                      Arrhenius law, allowing the determination of activation
                      energies with small variance. The obtained results are
                      within the range of literature values measured for similar
                      systems. The relevance of very low frequency impedance data
                      for accurate fitting of mobility parameters in batteries is
                      discussed.},
      cin          = {IEK-9 / JARA-ENERGY / IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$ /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131) / HITEC -
                      Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and
                      Climate Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000377412900128},
      doi          = {10.1149/2.0511607jes},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/810842},
}