%0 Journal Article
%A Raijmakers, Luc H. J.
%A Danilov, Dmitri L.
%A Lammeren, Joop P. M. van
%A Lammers, Thieu J. G.
%A Bergveld, Henk Jan
%A Notten, Peter H. L.
%T Non-Zero Intercept Frequency: An Accurate Method to Determine the Integral Temperature of Li-Ion Batteries
%J IEEE transactions on industrial electronics
%V 63
%N 5
%@ 1557-9948
%C New York, NY
%I IEEE
%M FZJ-2016-03485
%P 3168 - 3178
%D 2016
%X A new impedance-based approach is introduced in which the integral battery temperature is related to other frequencies than the recently developed zero-intercept frequency (ZIF). The advantage of the proposed non-ZIF (NZIF) method is that measurement interferences, resulting from the current flowing through the battery (pack), can be avoided at these frequencies. This gives higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and, consequently, more accurate temperature measurements. A theoretical analysis, using an equivalent circuit model of a Li-ion battery, shows that NZIFs are temperature dependent in a way similar to the ZIF and can therefore also be used as a battery temperature indicator. To validate the proposed method, impedance measurements have been performed with individual LiFePO4 batteries and with large LiFePO4 battery packs tested in a full electric vehicle under driving conditions. The measurement results show that the NZIF is clearly dependent on the integral battery temperature and reveals a similar behavior to that of the ZIF method. This makes it possible to optimally adjust the NZIF method to frequencies with the highest SNR.
%F PUB:(DE-HGF)16
%9 Journal Article
%U <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000374164600050
%R 10.1109/TIE.2016.2516961
%U https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/810911