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@ARTICLE{Raijmakers:810911,
      author       = {Raijmakers, Luc H. J. and Danilov, Dmitri L. and Lammeren,
                      Joop P. M. van and Lammers, Thieu J. G. and Bergveld, Henk
                      Jan and Notten, Peter H. L.},
      title        = {{N}on-{Z}ero {I}ntercept {F}requency: {A}n {A}ccurate
                      {M}ethod to {D}etermine the {I}ntegral {T}emperature of
                      {L}i-{I}on {B}atteries},
      journal      = {IEEE transactions on industrial electronics},
      volume       = {63},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1557-9948},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-03485},
      pages        = {3168 - 3178},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {A new impedance-based approach is introduced in which the
                      integral battery temperature is related to other frequencies
                      than the recently developed zero-intercept frequency (ZIF).
                      The advantage of the proposed non-ZIF (NZIF) method is that
                      measurement interferences, resulting from the current
                      flowing through the battery (pack), can be avoided at these
                      frequencies. This gives higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs)
                      and, consequently, more accurate temperature measurements. A
                      theoretical analysis, using an equivalent circuit model of a
                      Li-ion battery, shows that NZIFs are temperature dependent
                      in a way similar to the ZIF and can therefore also be used
                      as a battery temperature indicator. To validate the proposed
                      method, impedance measurements have been performed with
                      individual LiFePO4 batteries and with large LiFePO4 battery
                      packs tested in a full electric vehicle under driving
                      conditions. The measurement results show that the NZIF is
                      clearly dependent on the integral battery temperature and
                      reveals a similar behavior to that of the ZIF method. This
                      makes it possible to optimally adjust the NZIF method to
                      frequencies with the highest SNR.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {000},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000374164600050},
      doi          = {10.1109/TIE.2016.2516961},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/810911},
}