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@ARTICLE{Liao:811100,
      author       = {Liao, Weichen and Tordeux, Antoine and Seyfried, Armin and
                      Chraibi, Mohcine and Drzycimski, Kevin and Zheng, Xiaoping
                      and Zhao, Ying},
      title        = {{M}easuring the steady state of pedestrian flow in
                      bottleneck experiments},
      journal      = {Physica / A},
      volume       = {461},
      issn         = {0378-4371},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {North Holland Publ. Co.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-03623},
      pages        = {248 - 261},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Experiments with pedestrians could depend strongly on
                      initial conditions. Comparisons of the results of such
                      experiments require to distinguish carefully between
                      transient state and steady state. Thus a modified version of
                      the Cumulative Sum Control Chart algorithm is proposed to
                      robustly detect steady states from density and speed time
                      series of bottleneck experiments. The threshold of the
                      detection parameter in the algorithm is calibrated using an
                      autoregressive model. Comparing the detected steady states
                      with manually selected ones, the modified algorithm gives
                      robust and reproducible results. For the applications, three
                      groups of bottleneck experiments are analysed and the steady
                      states are detected. The results reconfirm that the specific
                      flow is constant as bottleneck width changes. Moreover, we
                      proposed a criterion to judge the difference between the
                      flows in all states and in steady states, which is the ratio
                      of pedestrian number to bottleneck width. The critical value
                      of the ratio is found to be approximately 115 persons/m.
                      This conclusion applies not only for the analysis of
                      existing bottleneck experiments but also for the design of
                      new bottleneck experiments and the validation of evacuation
                      models. Furthermore, the range of steady state in time
                      series of pedestrian characteristics could be effectively
                      controlled by adjusting the value of the ratio.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000380601200023},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.physa.2016.05.051},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/811100},
}