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@ARTICLE{Zhou:811496,
      author       = {Zhou, Minghua and Zhu, Bo and Brüggemann, Nicolas and
                      Dannenmann, Michael and Wang, Yanqiang and Butterbach-Bahl,
                      Klaus},
      title        = {{S}ustaining crop productivity while reducing environmental
                      nitrogen losses in the subtropical wheat-maize cropping
                      systems: {A} comprehensive case study of nitrogen cycling
                      and balance},
      journal      = {Agriculture, ecosystems $\&$ environment},
      volume       = {231},
      issn         = {0167-8809},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-03953},
      pages        = {1 - 14},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Balancing the nitrogen (N) budgets of agricultural systems
                      is essential for sustaining yields at lower environmental
                      costs. However, it is still rare to find reports on the
                      total N budgets of agricultural systems including all N
                      fluxes in the literature. Here, we conducted a comprehensive
                      study on the effects of different N fertilizers (control,
                      synthetic fertilizer, $60\%$ synthetic fertilizer N plus
                      $40\%$ pig manure N, pig manure N applied at the same rate
                      of 280 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on N pools, cycling processes,
                      fluxes and total N balances in a subtropical wheat-maize
                      rotation system in China by monitoring in situ N fluxes
                      combined with field 15N-tracer and 15N isotope-dilution
                      techniques. The warm and wet maize season was associated
                      with significantly larger N losses via gaseous and
                      hydrological pathways than the cooler and drier wheat
                      season. Nitrate leaching and NH3 volatilization were the
                      main N loss pathways, accounting for $78\%$ and $93\%$ of
                      the annual hydrological and gaseous N losses, respectively.
                      The field 15N tracing experiment showed that the wheat
                      system had a high N retention capacity $(∼50\%$ of 15N
                      application), although the N residence time was short. In
                      the subsequent maize season, $90\%$ of the residual
                      15N-labeled fertilizer in the soil that had been applied to
                      the wheat system was utilized by plants or lost to the
                      environment. The combined application of synthetic and
                      organic fertilizers (pig manure) or application of pig
                      manure resulted in significantly higher soil N retention and
                      lower NO3− leaching, while yields remained unaffected.
                      However, the application of manure resulted in larger NH3
                      volatilization losses compared with the application of
                      synthetic fertilizer alone. Thus, our study suggests that a
                      combination of synthetic and organic N fertilizers is
                      suitable for sustaining agricultural productivity while
                      reducing environmental N losses by fostering interactions
                      between the soil C and N cycles.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {330},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000382592700001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/811496},
}