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@ARTICLE{Popova:811525,
      author       = {Popova, Liyana and van Dusschoten, Dagmar and Nagel,
                      Kerstin and Fiorani, Fabio and Mazzolai, Barbara},
      title        = {{P}lant root tortuosity: an indicator of root path
                      formation in soil with different composition and density},
      journal      = {Annals of botany},
      volume       = {118},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0305-7364},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-03982},
      pages        = {685-698},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Background and Aims Root soil penetration and path
                      optimization are fundamental for root development in soil.
                      We describe the influence of soil strength on root
                      elongation rate and diameter, response to gravity, and
                      root-structure tortuosity, estimated by average curvature of
                      primary maize roots.Methods Soils with different densities
                      (1·5, 1·6, 1·7 g cm−3), particle sizes (sandy loam;
                      coarse sand mixed with sandy loam) and layering (monolayer,
                      bilayer) were used. In total, five treatments were
                      performed: $Mix_low$ with mixed sand low density (three
                      pots, 12 plants), $Mix_medium$ - mixed sand medium density
                      (three pots, 12 plants), $Mix_high$ - mixed sand high
                      density (three pots, ten plants), $Loam_low$ sandy loam soil
                      low density (four pots, 16 plants), and Bilayer with top
                      layer of sandy loam and bottom layer mixed sand both of low
                      density (four pots, 16 plants). We used non-invasive
                      three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging to quantify
                      effects of these treatments.Key Results Roots grew more
                      slowly [root growth rate (mm h–1); decreased $50 \%]$
                      with increased diameters [root diameter (mm); increased
                      $15 \%]$ in denser soils (1·7 vs. 1·5 g cm–3). Root
                      response to gravity decreased $23 \%$ with increased soil
                      compaction, and tortuosity increased $10 \%$ in mixed
                      sand. Response to gravity increased $39 \%$ and tortuosity
                      decreased $3 \%$ in sandy loam. After crossing a
                      bilayered–soil interface, roots grew more slowly, similar
                      to roots grown in soil with a bulk density of 1·64 g
                      cm–3, whereas the actual experimental density was
                      1·48±0·02 g cm–3. Elongation rate and tortuosity were
                      higher in $Mix_low$ than in $Loam_low.Conclusions$ The
                      present study increases our existing knowledge of the
                      influence of physical soil properties on root growth and
                      presents new assays for studying root growth dynamics in
                      non-transparent media. We found that root tortuosity is
                      indicative of root path selection, because it could result
                      from both mechanical deflection and active root growth in
                      response to touch stimulation and mechanical impedance.},
      cin          = {IBG-2},
      ddc          = {580},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118},
      pnm          = {582 - Plant Science (POF3-582)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-582},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000386487600012},
      pubmed       = {pmid:27192709},
      doi          = {10.1093/aob/mcw057},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/811525},
}