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@ARTICLE{Cremer:811710,
      author       = {Cremer, Clemens J. M. and Neuweiler, Insa and Bechtold,
                      Michel and Vanderborght, Jan},
      title        = {{S}olute {T}ransport in {H}eterogeneous {S}oil with
                      {T}ime-{D}ependent {B}oundary {C}onditions},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Madison, Wis.},
      publisher    = {SSSA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-04094},
      pages        = {0 -},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {We investigate the effect of dynamic boundary conditions on
                      solute transport in unsaturated, heterogeneous, bimodal
                      porous media. Solute transport is studied with
                      two-dimensional numerical flow and transport models for
                      scenarios where either (i) solely infiltration or (ii) more
                      realistic dynamic (infiltration–evaporation) boundary
                      conditions are imposed at the soil surface. Travel times of
                      solute are affected by duration and intensity of
                      infiltration and evaporation events even when cycle-averaged
                      inflow rates of the scenarios are identical. Three main
                      transport mechanisms could be identified based on a
                      criterion for the infiltration rate that is related to the
                      hydraulic conductivity curves of the media. If, based on
                      this criterion, infiltration rates are low, the transport
                      paths for upward and downward transport do not differ
                      significantly, and the breakthrough curves of solute are
                      similar to the one obtained under stationary infiltration.
                      If infiltration rates are moderate, travel paths deviate
                      between upward and downward flow, leading to a trapping of
                      solute and strong tailing of the breakthrough curves. If
                      infiltration and evaporation rates are very high, lateral
                      advective–diffusive transport can lead to very efficient
                      and fast downward transport. Thus, solute breakthrough
                      depends strongly on lateral flow paths enforced by the
                      boundary conditions at the soil surface. If heterogeneity of
                      the materials is not strong and the structure is tortuous,
                      dynamic boundary conditions mainly lead to increased
                      macrodispersion. We test simplified upscaled transport
                      models based on stationary flow rates to estimate
                      breakthrough curves and demonstrate how the transport
                      mechanisms are captured in the model parameters},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000378332500004},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2015.11.0144},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/811710},
}