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@ARTICLE{Turlier:811858,
      author       = {Turlier, H. and Fedosov, Dmitry and Audoly, B. and Auth,
                      Thorsten and Gov, N. S. and Sykes, C. and Joanny, J.-F. and
                      Gompper, Gerhard and Betz, T.},
      title        = {{E}quilibrium physics breakdown reveals the active nature
                      of red blood cell flickering},
      journal      = {Nature physics},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1745-2481},
      address      = {Basingstoke},
      publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-04200},
      pages        = {513 - 519},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are seen to flicker under
                      optical microscopy, a phenomenon initially described as
                      thermal fluctuations of the cell membrane. But recent
                      studies have suggested the involvement of non-equilibrium
                      processes, without definitively ruling out equilibrium
                      interpretations. Using active and passive microrheology to
                      directly compare the membrane response and fluctuations on
                      single erythrocytes, we report here a violation of the
                      fluctuation–dissipation relation, which is a direct
                      demonstration of the non-equilibrium nature of flickering.
                      With an analytical model of the composite erythrocyte
                      membrane and realistic stochastic simulations, we show that
                      several molecular mechanisms may explain the active
                      fluctuations, and we predict their kinetics. We demonstrate
                      that tangential metabolic activity in the network formed by
                      spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein, can generate
                      curvature-mediated active membrane motions. We also show
                      that other active membrane processes represented by direct
                      normal force dipoles may explain the observed membrane
                      activity. Our findings provide solid experimental and
                      theoretical frameworks for future investigations of the
                      origin and function of active motion in cells.},
      cin          = {ICS-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-2-20110106},
      pnm          = {553 - Physical Basis of Diseases (POF3-553)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-553},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000375255000025},
      doi          = {10.1038/nphys3621},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/811858},
}