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@ARTICLE{Schlag:811869,
      author       = {Schlag, Patrick and Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid and Blom,
                      Marcus Johannes and Canonaco, Francesco and Henzing, Jeroen
                      Sebastiaan and Moerman, Marcel and Prévôt, André Stephan
                      Henry and Holzinger, Rupert},
      title        = {{A}erosol source apportionment from 1-year measurements at
                      the {CESAR} tower in {C}abauw, the {N}etherlands},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-04211},
      pages        = {8831 - 8847},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Intensive measurements of submicron aerosol particles and
                      their chemical composition were performed with an Aerosol
                      Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) at the Cabauw
                      Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in
                      Cabauw, the Netherlands, sampling at 5 m height above
                      ground. The campaign lasted nearly 1 year from July 2012 to
                      June 2013 as part of the EU-FP7-ACTRIS project (Q-ACSM
                      Network). Including equivalent black carbon an average
                      particulate mass concentration of 9.50 µg m−3 was
                      obtained during the whole campaign with dominant
                      contributions from ammonium nitrate $(45 \%),$ organic
                      aerosol (OA, $29 \%),$ and ammonium sulfate $(19 \%).$
                      There were 12 exceedances of the World Health Organization
                      (WHO) PM2.5 daily mean limit (25 µg m−3) observed at
                      this rural site using PM1 instrumentation only. Ammonium
                      nitrate and OA represented the largest contributors to total
                      particulate matter during periods of exceedance.Source
                      apportionment of OA was performed season-wise by positive
                      matrix factorization (PMF) using the multilinear engine 2
                      (ME-2) controlled via the source finder (SoFi). Primary
                      organic aerosols were attributed mainly to traffic
                      $(8–16 \%$ contribution to total OA, averaged
                      season-wise) and biomass burning $(0–23 \%).$ Secondary
                      organic aerosols (SOAs, $61–84 \%)$ dominated the
                      organic fraction during the whole campaign, particularly on
                      days with high mass loadings. A SOA factor which is
                      attributed to humic-like substances (HULIS) was identified
                      as a highly oxidized background aerosol in Cabauw. This
                      shows the importance of atmospheric aging processes for
                      aerosol concentration at this rural site. Due to the large
                      secondary fraction, the reduction of particulate mass at
                      this rural site is challenging on a local scale.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243) / ACTRIS - Aerosols,
                      Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infrastructure Network
                      (262254)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243 / G:(EU-Grant)262254},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000381213300007},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-16-8831-2016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/811869},
}