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@INPROCEEDINGS{Niether:818393,
      author       = {Niether, Doreen and Afanasenkau, Dzmitry and Dhont, Jan
                      K.G. and Wiegand, Simone},
      title        = {{T}hermophoretic accumulation in hydrothermal pores},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-04854},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {The thermophoretic properties of aqueous formamide
                      solutions as a function of concentration and temperature are
                      studied by means of Infra-Red Thermal Diffusion Forced
                      Rayleigh Scattering. Comparing the results with empirical
                      concepts to describe the temperature dependence of aqueous
                      solutions [1] and molecular dynamics simulations of
                      formamide water mixtures [2] it becomes apparent that the
                      system only adheres to the empirical equation in a dilute
                      state and deviates when formamide-formamide interactions
                      take place at higher concentrations.Formamide is of special
                      interest in the ‘origin-of-life’ concept as it has been
                      shown that a number of prebiotic molecules such as purine,
                      adenine, cytosine and 4(3H)-pyrimidinone form from formamide
                      under catalytic conditions and at sufficiently high
                      concentrations [3]. For nucleotides and short DNA strands it
                      has been shown with numerical finite-element calculations
                      that a high degree of accumulation in hydrothermal pores
                      occurs [4]. Using our thermophoretic data on the
                      formamide/water system, we show that the same combination of
                      thermophoresis and convection in hydrothermal pores leads to
                      accumulation of formamide up to concentrations where
                      nucleobases are formed. The high degree of formamide
                      accumulation is due to an unusual temperature and
                      concentration dependence of the thermophoretic behaviour of
                      formamide. Starting with a formamide concentration of
                      $10^(-3)$ $wt\%,$ estimated to be typical in shallow lakes
                      on early earth [5], the accumulation-fold in part of the
                      pores increases strongly with increasing aspect ratio of the
                      pores, and saturates to highly concentrated aqueous
                      formamide solutions of approximately 85 $wt\%$ at large
                      aspect ratios. References[1] S. Iacopini, R. Rusconi and R.
                      Piazza, Eur. Phys. J. E, 19, (2006) [2] M. D. Elola and B.
                      M. Ladanyi, J. Chem. Phys., 125, (2006) [3] S. Pino, J.E.
                      Sponer, G. Costanzo, R. Saladino and E. Di Mauro, Life, 5,
                      (2015) [4] P. Baaske, F. M. Weinert, S. Duhr, K. H. Lemke,
                      M. J. Russell and D. Braun, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104,
                      (2007)[5] S. Miyakawa, H. J. Cleaves and S. L. Miller,
                      Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 32, (2002)},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2016-09-12},
      organization  = {4th International Soft Matter
                       Conference, Grenoble (France), 12 Sep
                       2016 - 16 Sep 2016},
      subtyp        = {Invited},
      cin          = {ICS-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-3-20110106},
      pnm          = {551 - Functional Macromolecules and Complexes (POF3-551)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-551},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/818393},
}