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@INPROCEEDINGS{Wiegand:819852,
      author       = {Wiegand, Simone and Niether, Doreen and Afanasenkau,
                      Dzmitry and Dhont, Jan K.G.},
      title        = {{T}hermophoretic {P}roperties of {A}queous {F}ormamide
                      {S}olutions and {A}ccumulation in {H}ydrothermal {P}ores},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-05431},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Formamide is one of the important compounds from which
                      prebiotic molecules can be synthesized, provided that its
                      concentration is sufficiently high. For nucleotides and
                      short DNA strands it has been shown that a high degree of
                      accumulation in hydrothermal pores occurs, so that
                      temperature gradients might play a role in the
                      'origin-of-life' [1]. We show that the same combination of
                      thermophoresis and convection in hydrothermal pores leads to
                      accumulation of formamide up to concentrations where
                      nucleobases are formed. The thermophoretic properties of
                      aqueous formamide solutions are studied by means of
                      Infra-Red Thermal Diffusion Forced Rayleigh Scattering.
                      These data are used in numerical finite-element calculations
                      in hydrothermal pores for various initial concentrations,
                      ambient temperatures, and pore sizes. The high degree of
                      formamide accumulation is due to an unusual temperature and
                      concentration dependence of the thermophoretic behaviour of
                      formamide. The accumulation-fold in part of the pores
                      increases strongly with increasing aspect ratio of the
                      pores, and saturates to highly concentrated aqueous
                      formamide solutions of approximately 85 $wt\%$ at large
                      aspect ratios. Time dependent studies show that these high
                      concentrations are reached after 45-90 days, starting with
                      an initial formamide weight fraction of $10-3 wt\% that is
                      typical for concentrations in shallow lakes on early earth
                      [2].References1. P. Baaske, F. M. Weinert, S. Duhr, K. H.
                      Lemke, M. J. Russell and D. Braun, et al., P. Natl. Acad.
                      Sci. USA, Vol. 104, No. 22 (2007) pp. 9346-9351.2. D.
                      Niether, D. Afanasenkau, J. K. G. Dhont and S. Wiegand,
                      PNAS, accepted, (2016).},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2016-10-02},
      organization  = {The 11th Asian Thermophysical
                       Properties Conference, Yokohama
                       (Japan), 2 Oct 2016 - 6 Oct 2016},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {ICS-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-3-20110106},
      pnm          = {551 - Functional Macromolecules and Complexes (POF3-551)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-551},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/819852},
}