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@ARTICLE{Pfeifer:820607,
      author       = {Pfeifer, Eugen and Hünnefeld, Max and Popa, Ovidiu and
                      Polen, Tino and Kohlheyer, Dietrich and Baumgart, Meike and
                      Frunzke, Julia},
      title        = {{S}ilencing of cryptic prophages in {C}orynebacterium
                      glutamicum},
      journal      = {Nucleic acids research},
      volume       = {44},
      number       = {21},
      issn         = {0301-5610},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-05879},
      pages        = {10117-10131},
      year         = {2016},
      note         = {Biotechnologie 1},
      abstract     = {DNA of viral origin represents a ubiquitous element of
                      bacterial genomes. Its integration into host regulatory
                      circuits is a pivotal driver of microbial evolution but
                      requires the stringent regulation of phage gene activity. In
                      this study, we describe the nucleoid-associated protein
                      CgpS, which represents an essential protein functioning as a
                      xenogeneic silencer in the Gram-positive Corynebacterium
                      glutamicum. CgpS is encoded by the cryptic prophage CGP3 of
                      the C. glutamicum strain ATCC 13032 and was first identified
                      by DNA affinity chromatography using an early phage promoter
                      of CGP3. Genome-wide profiling of CgpS binding using
                      chromatin affinity purification and sequencing (ChAP-Seq)
                      revealed its association with AT-rich DNA elements,
                      including the entire CGP3 prophage region (187 kbp), as well
                      as several other elements acquired by horizontal gene
                      transfer. Countersilencing of CgpS resulted in a
                      significantly increased induction frequency of the CGP3
                      prophage. In contrast, a strain lacking the CGP3 prophage
                      was not affected and displayed stable growth. In a
                      bioinformatics approach, cgpS orthologs were identified
                      primarily in actinobacterial genomes as well as several
                      phage and prophage genomes. Sequence analysis of 618
                      orthologous proteins revealed a strong conservation of the
                      secondary structure, supporting an ancient function of these
                      xenogeneic silencers in phage-host interaction.},
      cin          = {IBG-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-1-20101118},
      pnm          = {581 - Biotechnology (POF3-581)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-581},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000393979400014},
      pubmed       = {pmid:27492287},
      doi          = {10.1093/nar/gkw692},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/820607},
}