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@ARTICLE{Krmer:820660,
      author       = {Krämer, Martina and Rolf, Christian and Luebke, Anna and
                      Afchine, Armin and Spelten, Nicole and Costa, Anja and
                      Meyer, Jessica and Zöger, Martin and Smith, Jessica and
                      Herman, Robert L. and Buchholz, Bernhard and Ebert, Volker
                      and Baumgardner, Darrel and Borrmann, Stephan and
                      Klingebiel, Marcus and Avallone, Linnea},
      title        = {{A} microphysics guide to cirrus clouds – {P}art 1:
                      {C}irrus types},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-05929},
      pages        = {3463 - 3483},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {The microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds
                      continue to be beyond understanding and thus still represent
                      one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of the
                      Earth's climate (IPCC, 2013). Our study aims to provide a
                      guide to cirrus microphysics, which is compiled from an
                      extensive set of model simulations, covering the broad range
                      of atmospheric conditions for cirrus formation and
                      evolution. The model results are portrayed in the same
                      parameter space as field measurements, i.e., in the Ice
                      Water Content-Temperature (IWC-T) parameter space. We
                      validate this cirrus analysis approach by evaluating cirrus
                      data sets from 17 aircraft campaigns, conducted in the last
                      15 years, spending about 94 h in cirrus over Europe,
                      Australia, Brazil as well as South and North America.
                      Altogether, the approach of this study is to track cirrus
                      IWC development with temperature by means of model
                      simulations, compare with observations and then assign, to a
                      certain degree, cirrus microphysics to the observations.
                      Indeed, the field observations show characteristics expected
                      from the simulated Cirrus Guide. For example, high (low)
                      IWCs are found together with high (low) ice crystal
                      concentrations Nice.An important finding from our study is
                      the classification of two types of cirrus with differing
                      formation mechanisms and microphysical properties: the first
                      cirrus type forms directly as ice (in situ origin cirrus)
                      and splits in two subclasses, depending on the prevailing
                      strength of the updraft: in slow updrafts these cirrus are
                      rather thin with lower IWCs, while in fast updrafts thicker
                      cirrus with higher IWCs can form. The second type consists
                      predominantly of thick cirrus originating from mixed phase
                      clouds (i.e., via freezing of liquid droplets – liquid
                      origin cirrus), which are completely glaciated while lifting
                      to the cirrus formation temperature region (< 235 K). In the
                      European field campaigns, slow updraft in situ origin cirrus
                      occur frequently in low- and high-pressure systems, while
                      fast updraft in situ cirrus appear in conjunction with jet
                      streams or gravity waves. Also, liquid origin cirrus mostly
                      related to warm conveyor belts are found. In the US and
                      tropical campaigns, thick liquid origin cirrus which are
                      formed in large convective systems are detected more
                      frequently.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000374702000043},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-16-3463-2016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/820660},
}