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@ARTICLE{Luebke:820663,
      author       = {Luebke, Anna E. and Afchine, Armin and Costa, Anja and
                      Grooß, Jens-Uwe and Meyer, Jessica and Rolf, Christian and
                      Spelten, Nicole and Avallone, Linnea M. and Baumgardner,
                      Darrel and Krämer, Martina},
      title        = {{T}he origin of midlatitude ice clouds and the resulting
                      influence on their microphysical properties},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-05932},
      pages        = {5793 - 5809},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {The radiative role of ice clouds in the atmosphere is known
                      to be important, but uncertainties remain concerning the
                      magnitude and net effects. However, through measurements of
                      the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds, we can better
                      characterize them, which can ultimately allow for their
                      radiative properties to be more accurately ascertained.
                      Recently, two types of cirrus clouds differing by formation
                      mechanism and microphysical properties have been classified
                      – in situ and liquid origin cirrus. In this study, we
                      present observational evidence to show that two distinct
                      types of cirrus do exist. Airborne, in situ measurements of
                      cloud ice water content (IWC), ice crystal concentration
                      (Nice), and ice crystal size from the 2014 ML-CIRRUS
                      campaign provide cloud samples that have been divided
                      according to their origin type. The key features that set
                      liquid origin cirrus apart from the in situ origin cirrus
                      are higher frequencies of high IWC ( > 100 ppmv),
                      higher Nice values, and larger ice crystals. A vertical
                      distribution of Nice shows that the in situ origin cirrus
                      clouds exhibit a median value of around 0.1 cm−3, while
                      the liquid origin concentrations are slightly, but notably
                      higher. The median sizes of the crystals contributing the
                      most mass are less than 200 µm for in situ origin cirrus,
                      with some of the largest crystals reaching 550 µm in
                      size. The liquid origin cirrus, on the other hand, were
                      observed to have median diameters greater than 200 µm,
                      and crystals that were up to 750 µm. An examination of
                      these characteristics in relation to each other and their
                      relationship to temperature provides strong evidence that
                      these differences arise from the dynamics and conditions in
                      which the ice crystals formed. Additionally, the existence
                      of these two groups in cirrus cloud populations may explain
                      why a bimodal distribution in the IWC-temperature
                      relationship has been observed. We hypothesize that the low
                      IWC mode is the result of in situ origin cirrus and the high
                      IWC mode is the result of liquid origin cirrus.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000376938100019},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-16-5793-2016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/820663},
}