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@ARTICLE{Merz:820855,
      author       = {Merz, Steffen and Pohlmeier, Andreas and Balcom, Bruce J.
                      and Enjilela, Razieh and Vereecken, Harry},
      title        = {{D}rying of a {N}atural {S}oil {U}nder {E}vaporative
                      {C}onditions: {A} {C}omparison of {D}ifferent {M}agnetic
                      {R}esonance {M}ethods},
      journal      = {Applied magnetic resonance},
      volume       = {47},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1613-7507},
      address      = {Wien [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-06119},
      pages        = {121 - 138},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Soils are highly complex and heterogeneous porous
                      materials, and thus measuring water distribution
                      non-invasively with high accuracy and adequate spatial
                      resolution still remains challenging. The first few
                      centimeters of a soil surface control the vapor flux to the
                      atmosphere justifying the need for high spatial resolution
                      measurements of moisture content. The objective of this
                      study was to compare and assess the feasibility of various
                      high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) methods to
                      characterize an unsaturated porous system. We employed (1) a
                      spin-echo, (2) three types of single-point imaging and (3) a
                      unilateral three-magnet array to monitor T1 and T2,app
                      relaxation time spectra and the effective moisture
                      saturation (ΘMR) of a silt loam under progressing
                      desaturation with focus on an emerging unsaturated surface
                      layer, which is predicted by theory. During the first stage
                      of drying where evaporation occurred at the soil surface,
                      all methods showed homogeneously distributed moisture. A
                      decreasing ΘMR and a shift in the T1 and T2,app relaxation
                      time spectra to shorter values indicated the commencement of
                      stage 2 evaporation coincided with an increasing unsaturated
                      layer. At low water contents, the most suitable method to
                      determine the extent of a desaturated surface zone with high
                      accuracy was found to be single--point ramped imaging with
                      T1 enhancement. As a simple and low-cost device the
                      unilateral three-magnet array was feasible to monitor the
                      drying process until the dry surface layer developed.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000368708800001},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00723-015-0736-6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/820855},
}