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@ARTICLE{Stock:820913,
      author       = {Stock, Alexander T. and Littke, Ralf and Lücke, Andreas
                      and Zieger, Laura and Thielemann, Thomas},
      title        = {{M}iocene depositional environment and climate in western
                      {E}urope: {T}he lignite deposits of the {L}ower {R}hine
                      {B}asin, {G}ermany},
      journal      = {International journal of coal geology},
      volume       = {157},
      issn         = {0166-5162},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-06177},
      pages        = {2 - 18},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Miocene lignites representing a depositional history of
                      about 7 million years (18–11 Ma before present) have been
                      studied by organic petrological and organic geochemical
                      methods including analysis of stable carbon and oxygen
                      isotopes. The three lignite seams investigated (Morken,
                      Frimmersdorf, Garzweiler) developed from peats which grew in
                      a nutrient depleted paralic environment situated close to
                      the sea. All seams have low ash/mineral matter contents, but
                      seam Frimmersdorf is richer in sulfur as compared to seams
                      Morken and Garzweiler. Sulfur richness and distribution in
                      seam Frimmersdorf might be due to the diagenetic effect of
                      sulfate reduction and pyrite precipitation following
                      flooding by the sea and deposition of the marine Neurath
                      sands on top of seam Frimmersdorf.Geochemical
                      palaeotemperature analysis (GDGT) revealed a warm climate
                      during deposition of the peats representing lignite seams
                      Morken and Frimmersdorf which shifted towards lower
                      temperatures (2–3 °C) during deposition of the uppermost
                      seam Garzweiler, i.e., at about 13–11 Ma before present.
                      This trend is basically supported by cellulose oxygen
                      isotope values which show a significant scatter, however.
                      Carbon isotope values are less variable, indicating
                      predominance of angiosperms in the peat vegetation and
                      rather stable environmental conditions as well as floral
                      assemblage. Organic petrological studies reveal predominance
                      of small plants and a nutrient depleted environment. A
                      modified Groundwater Index (GWIac) was applied, suggesting
                      deposition above the general groundwater level.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000374611700002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.coal.2015.06.009},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/820913},
}