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@ARTICLE{Ebert:821064,
      author       = {Ebert, Martin and Weigel, Ralf and Kandler, Konrad and
                      Günther, Gebhard and Molleker, Sergej and Grooß, Jens-Uwe
                      and Vogel, Bärbel and Weinbruch, Stephan and Borrmann,
                      Stephan},
      title        = {{C}hemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol
                      particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside
                      polar stratospheric clouds},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {13},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-06308},
      pages        = {8405 - 8421},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Stratospheric aerosol particles with diameters larger than
                      about 10 nm were collected within the arctic vortex during
                      two polar flight campaigns: RECONCILE in winter 2010 and
                      ESSenCe in winter 2011. Impactors were installed on board
                      the aircraft M-55 Geophysica, which was operated from
                      Kiruna, Sweden. Flights were performed at a height of up to
                      21 km and some of the particle samples were taken within
                      distinct polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The chemical
                      composition, size and morphology of refractory particles
                      were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and
                      energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. During ESSenCe no
                      refractory particles with diameters above 500 nm were
                      sampled. In total 116 small silicate, Fe-rich, Pb-rich and
                      aluminum oxide spheres were found. In contrast to ESSenCe in
                      early winter, during the late-winter RECONCILE mission the
                      air masses were subsiding inside the Arctic winter vortex
                      from the upper stratosphere and mesosphere, thus
                      initializing a transport of refractory aerosol particles
                      into the lower stratosphere. During RECONCILE, 759
                      refractory particles with diameters above 500 nm were
                      found consisting of silicates, silicate ∕ carbon
                      mixtures, Fe-rich particles, Ca-rich particles and complex
                      metal mixtures. In the size range below 500 nm the
                      presence of soot was also proven. While the data base is
                      still sparse, the general tendency of a lower abundance of
                      refractory particles during PSC events compared to non-PSC
                      situations was observed. The detection of large refractory
                      particles in the stratosphere, as well as the experimental
                      finding that these particles were not observed in the
                      particle samples (upper size limit ∼  5 µm) taken
                      during PSC events, strengthens the hypothesis that such
                      particles are present in the lower polar stratosphere in
                      late winter and have provided a surface for heterogeneous
                      nucleation during PSC formation.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000381091400022},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-16-8405-2016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/821064},
}