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@ARTICLE{Niewolak:824693,
      author       = {Niewolak, Leszek and Blum, Ludger and Peters, Roland and
                      Grüner, Daniel and Quadakkers, Willem J.},
      title        = {{B}ehavior of {M}etallic {C}omponents {D}uring 4000 h
                      {O}peration of an {SOFC} {S}tack with {C}arbon {C}ontaining
                      {F}uel {G}as},
      journal      = {Fuel cells},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1615-6846},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-07251},
      pages        = {600-610},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {In the present study the behavior of the ferritic
                      interconnect steel Crofer 22 APU and the nickel contacting
                      material during exposure in anode gas of a solid oxide fuel
                      cell (SOFC) stack was investigated. The stack had been
                      operating for 4,000 h and was ten times subjected to
                      thermal cycling within this time period. A temporary high
                      carbon activity in the fuel gas combined with temperature
                      changes resulted in local disintegration of the nickel mesh.
                      Additionally, nickel diffusion from the nickel mesh into the
                      steel resulted in the formation of an austenitic zone.
                      Diffusion of steel constituents into the nickel mesh lead to
                      the formation of Cr,Mn-oxides in the latter. Presence of the
                      nickel/steel contact allows transport of carbon from the gas
                      into the steel, resulting in local internal carburization of
                      the steel. In areas which were not in direct contact with
                      the nickel mesh, the Crofer 22 APU interconnect formed a
                      protective surface oxide scale and no indications for carbon
                      uptake were found. Mechanisms for the experimentally
                      observed effects, including the local disintegration of the
                      nickel mesh, are presented.},
      cin          = {IEK-2 / IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000386149300011},
      doi          = {10.1002/fuce.201600085},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/824693},
}