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@ARTICLE{Mauer:824696,
      author       = {Mauer, Georg and Sebold, Doris and Vaßen, Robert and
                      Hejrani, Elham and Naumenko, Dmitry and Quadakkers, Willem
                      J.},
      title        = {{I}mpact of {P}rocessing {C}onditions and {F}eedstock
                      {C}haracteristics on {T}hermally {S}prayed {MC}r{A}l{Y}
                      {B}ondcoat {P}roperties},
      journal      = {Surface and coatings technology},
      volume       = {318},
      issn         = {0257-8972},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-07254},
      pages        = {114 -121},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {One of the options to manufacture MCrAlY bondcoats (M = Co,
                      Ni) for thermal barrier coating systems is High Velocity
                      Oxy-Fuel spraying (HVOF). In this work, particle diagnostics
                      were applied to investigate the impact of processing
                      conditions and feedstock characteristics on the relevant
                      bondcoat properties. The results showed that compromises
                      must be made on the oxygen/fuel ratio, spray distance, and
                      particle size distribution to strike a balance between low
                      oxidation and dense microstructures.These limitations
                      initiated the development of the High Velocity Atmospheric
                      Plasma Spray process (HV-APS) as a further alternative
                      process. In this work, HV-APS process parameters were
                      developed for a three cathode torch in combination with a 5
                      mm diameter high speed nozzle. A one-dimensional calculation
                      of the expansion through this nozzle to atmospheric pressure
                      yielded supersonic conditions with a Mach number of 1.84.
                      The calculated plasma temperatures at the nozzle exit and in
                      the expanded jet are 8400 K and slightly above 5200 K,
                      respectively, which is low compared to conventional APS
                      processes.A very fine powder with a median particle size of
                      18 μm was identified to be most suitable. Although the
                      spray conditions were relatively cold, reasonable deposition
                      efficiencies up to $61\%$ and rather dense coatings were
                      achieved using this feedstock. The as-sprayed porosity was
                      ≈ $2\%$ which was reduced by the subsequent vacuum heat
                      treatment to < $1\%.$ The oxygen content determined by
                      chemical analysis for a sample sprayed at a spray distance
                      of 100 mm was 0.41 ± 0.04 $wt\%.Moreover,$ reference
                      samples were manufactured by Low Pressure Plasma Spraying
                      (LPPS). The oxidation behavior was compared in isothermal
                      and cyclic oxidation tests. The oxidation rates of the
                      HV-APS coatings were found to be significantly lower than
                      those of LPPS coatings. The thermally grown oxide scale
                      showed less yttrium incorporation and better adherence in
                      case of HV-APS. The latter is suggested to be related to a
                      unique new distribution of Y-rich nano-sized oxide
                      precipitates. The cyclic oxidation test confirmed the better
                      oxidation resistance of the HV-APS coatings.},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000402356100014},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.08.079},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/824696},
}