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@ARTICLE{Kremser:824780,
      author       = {Kremser, Stefanie and Thomason, Larry W. and von Hobe, Marc
                      and Hermann, Markus and Deshler, Terry and Timmreck, Claudia
                      and Toohey, Matthew and Stenke, Andrea and Schwarz, Joshua
                      P. and Weigel, Ralf and Fueglistaler, Stephan and Prata,
                      Fred J. and Vernier, Jean-Paul and Schlager, Hans and
                      Barnes, John E. and Antuña-Marrero, Juan-Carlos and
                      Fairlie, Duncan and Palm, Mathias and Mahieu, Emmanuel and
                      Notholt, Justus and Rex, Markus and Bingen, Christine and
                      Vanhellemont, Filip and Bourassa, Adam and Plane, John M. C.
                      and Klocke, Daniel and Carn, Simon A. and Clarisse, Lieven
                      and Trickl, Thomas and Neely, Ryan and James, Alexander D.
                      and Rieger, Landon and Wilson, James C. and Meland, Brian},
      title        = {{S}tratospheric aerosol-{O}bservations, processes, and
                      impact on climate},
      journal      = {Reviews of geophysics},
      volume       = {54},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {8755-1209},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-07335},
      pages        = {278 - 335},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Interest in stratospheric aerosol and its role in climate
                      have increased over the last decade due to the observed
                      increase in stratospheric aerosol since 2000 and the
                      potential for changes in the sulfur cycle induced by climate
                      change. This review provides an overview about the advances
                      in stratospheric aerosol research since the last
                      comprehensive assessment of stratospheric aerosol was
                      published in 2006. A crucial development since 2006 is the
                      substantial improvement in the agreement between in situ and
                      space-based inferences of stratospheric aerosol properties
                      during volcanically quiescent periods. Furthermore, new
                      measurement systems and techniques, both in situ and space
                      based, have been developed for measuring physical aerosol
                      properties with greater accuracy and for characterizing
                      aerosol composition. However, these changes induce
                      challenges to constructing a long-term stratospheric aerosol
                      climatology. Currently, changes in stratospheric aerosol
                      levels less than $20\%$ cannot be confidently quantified.
                      The volcanic signals tend to mask any nonvolcanically driven
                      change, making them difficult to understand. While the role
                      of carbonyl sulfide as a substantial and relatively constant
                      source of stratospheric sulfur has been confirmed by new
                      observations and model simulations, large uncertainties
                      remain with respect to the contribution from anthropogenic
                      sulfur dioxide emissions. New evidence has been provided
                      that stratospheric aerosol can also contain small amounts of
                      nonsulfate matter such as black carbon and organics.
                      Chemistry-climate models have substantially increased in
                      quantity and sophistication. In many models the
                      implementation of stratospheric aerosol processes is coupled
                      to radiation and/or stratospheric chemistry modules to
                      account for relevant feedback processes.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000385716900002},
      doi          = {10.1002/2015RG000511},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/824780},
}