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@ARTICLE{Schwahn:825189,
      author       = {Schwahn, Dietmar and Pipich, V. and Kasher, R. and Oren,
                      Y.},
      title        = {{A}ccumulation of {G}d{C}l$_{3}$ in the feed of a reverse
                      osmosis system during desalination as determined by neutron
                      absorption},
      journal      = {Journal of physics / Conference Series},
      volume       = {746},
      issn         = {1742-6596},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-07662},
      pages        = {012039 -},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {This article deals with the application of in-situ
                      small-angle neutron scattering to investigate wastewater
                      desalination by reverse osmosis. In a first series of
                      experiments we take advantage of the strong neutron
                      absorption of gadolinium (Gd) and use 0.50 g/L GdCl3 in the
                      feed as an indicator for concentration polarization and
                      scaling at the membrane surface. The continuous decline of
                      scattering during the process of desalination indicates an
                      increase of GdCl3 salt concentration which after 15 hours
                      has achieved nearly $100\%$ enhancement with respect to its
                      initial concentration.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6215 - Soft Matter, Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621) /
                      6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS3-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000409470900039},
      doi          = {10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012039},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/825189},
}