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@ARTICLE{Schwahn:825196,
      author       = {Schwahn, Dietmar and Feilbach, Herbert and Starc, Thomas
                      and Pipich, Vitaliy and Kasher, Roni and Oren, Yoram},
      title        = {{D}esign and test of a reverse osmosis pressure cell for
                      in-situ small-angle neutron scattering studies},
      journal      = {Desalination},
      volume       = {405},
      issn         = {0011-9164},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-07667},
      pages        = {40 - 50},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {We introduce a new method for real-time studies of membrane
                      scaling and biofouling on thin film composite membranes
                      (TFC) in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration water treatment
                      using in-situ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS
                      delivers information on nano and microscopic structures that
                      support the interpretation of relevant engineering
                      parameters such as membrane permeability and water flux. A
                      flow cell high pressure SANS is described, followed by SANS
                      characterization of TFC membranes finding ~ 0.5 μm large
                      cavities and ~ 300 Å diameter large rod-like cavities
                      inside the non-woven polyester and micro-porous polysulfone
                      layer, respectively. In-situ desalination experiments in
                      cross-flow mode at an applied pressure of 6 bars and feed
                      flow velocity of 0.2 cm/s are followed. The scattering
                      cross-section times sample thickness (μt = Σt × DS)
                      derived from the transmission coefficient shows an overall
                      enhancement due to newly formed scattering centers which is
                      accompanied by a reduced membrane permeability measured
                      simultaneously. This observation is supported by enhanced
                      scattering of the membrane due to μm large domains of mass
                      fractal structure. The addition of the protein BSA to the
                      feed after desalination of 30 h effectuates strong
                      enhancement of the permeability accompanied by a about a
                      $50\%$ decline of μm large scattering centers.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6215 - Soft Matter, Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621) /
                      6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS3-20140101 / EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000392683900004},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.desal.2016.11.026},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/825196},
}