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@PHDTHESIS{Holl:825757,
      author       = {Holl, Stefan},
      title        = {{M}ethoden für die {B}emessung der {L}eistungsfähigkeit
                      multidirektional genutzter {F}ußverkehrsanlagen},
      volume       = {32},
      school       = {Bergische Universität Wuppertal},
      type         = {Dr.},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-00069},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-191-0},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. IAS Series},
      pages        = {xi, 170 S.},
      year         = {2016},
      note         = {Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Diss., 2016},
      abstract     = {All relevant national and international regulations for
                      dimensioning the pedestrian traffic facilities are based on
                      Oedings’s and Fruin’s level of service concept from the
                      second half of the last century. It defines quality levels
                      that describe the correlation between density and comfort in
                      pedestrian flows. The scientific background for this is
                      provided by the fundamental diagram. It shows the
                      relationship between density and velocity or density and
                      traffic flow respectively. However, for bi- and
                      multidirectional traffic as in stations or at major events
                      no reliable empirical data exist. Furthermore, for
                      multidirectional traffic at intersections there are no
                      methods available to describe the relationship between
                      speed, density and flow in a consistent way. This work
                      introduces new methods for assessing the capacity of
                      pedestrian traffic facilities which are used
                      multidirectionally. It is empirically based on laboratory
                      experiments with approximately up to 1000 volunteers which
                      are conducted as part of the research projects BaSiGo and
                      Hermes. The concept allows to determine consistently the
                      flow of people, the density and the speed on
                      multidirectional used traffic facilities. It generalises the
                      space-time averages for the vehicular traffic, that Edie
                      described in the 1960s, on pedestrian traffic in any order.
                      In addition, a scaling factor is established that enables to
                      transfer the results to such pedestrian traffic facilities,
                      which have not been directly investigated. For this purpose,
                      the “specific flow concept”, which has proven itself in
                      uni- and bidirectional traffic, has been generalised, so
                      that it can be applied to the multi-directional pedestrian
                      traffic on intersections. Furthermore, a methodological
                      approach is developed to quantify the “conflict density”
                      within a people flow to describe the differences in the
                      performance of the same traffic facility for different types
                      of use - for example unidirectional vs. bidirectional
                      traffic. The established parameters of performance are
                      integrated into the level of $\textit{safety}$ concept. This
                      concept has been developed within the research project
                      BaSiGo. It is based on the established level of service
                      concept, however, it focuses on the aspect of safety at
                      major events. Instead of a fine-scaled subdivision of
                      quality levels, as prescribed in the level of service
                      concept, the new classification with the level of safety
                      concept is based on a practicable traffic light system.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      urn          = {urn:nbn:de:0001-2016120103},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/825757},
}