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@ARTICLE{Bogena:827239,
      author       = {Bogena, Heye and Huisman, Johan Alexander and Schilling,
                      Bernd and Weuthen, Ansgar and Vereecken, Harry},
      title        = {{E}ffective {C}alibration of {L}ow-{C}ost {S}oil {W}ater
                      {C}ontent {S}ensors},
      journal      = {Sensors},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1424-8220},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-01433},
      pages        = {208},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Soil water content is a key variable for understanding and
                      modelling ecohydrological processes. Low-cost
                      electromagnetic sensors are increasingly being used to
                      characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil water
                      content, despite the reduced accuracy of such sensors as
                      compared to reference electromagnetic soil water content
                      sensing methods such as time domain reflectometry. Here, we
                      present an effective calibration method to improve the
                      measurement accuracy of low-cost soil water content sensors
                      taking the recently developed SMT100 sensor (Truebner GmbH,
                      Neustadt, Germany) as an example. We calibrated the sensor
                      output of more than 700 SMT100 sensors to permittivity using
                      a standard procedure based on five reference media with a
                      known apparent dielectric permittivity (1 < Ka < 34.8). Our
                      results showed that a sensor-specific calibration improved
                      the accuracy of the calibration compared to single
                      “universal” calibration. The associated additional
                      effort in calibrating each sensor individually is relaxed by
                      a dedicated calibration setup that enables the calibration
                      of large numbers of sensors in limited time while minimizing
                      errors in the calibration process},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000393021000205},
      doi          = {10.3390/s17010208},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/827239},
}